378 David J. Armitage parelavbete (75). Paul’s use of paralambavnw is distinctive. On three occasions he uses it in connection with teaching received from Christ (1 Cor 11,23; 15,3; Gal 1,12). Of the other eight times he uses it, three refer to receipt by others of the gospel (1 Cor 15,1; Gal 1,9; 1 Thess 2,13). Three occurrences refer to the standard of conduct received by Paul’s correspondents through his teaching and behaviour (Phil 4,9; 1 Thess 4,1; 2 Thess 3,6). One refers to a ministry received by Archippus from the Lord (Col 4,17) and one refers to the Colossians having received Christ as Lord (Col 2,6). The common factor is reference to something received ultimately from the Lord, often mediated by Paul and his associates. Thus the content of o} eujhggelisavmeqa and o} parelavbete is essentially the same, although the latter expression avoids mentioning the messengers. b) Conditional clause semantics Longenecker suggests that the use of the indicative (eujaggelivzetai) in the protasis of v. 9 emphasizes “the reality of the situation” (76). However, as previously noted, it is not possible to derive information about the objectivity of a protasis from the use of the indicative. Witherington is more circumspect in his description of the semantics of this clause, describing it as “a simple condition which assumes a reality” (77). However the reality may only be assumed “for the sake of argument”, so this description is inadequate. First class conditions can present the consequences of a particular circumstance regardless of whether the circumstance is actualized. The use of a first class condition here does however invite the Galatians to consider whether the assertion is true. In v. 8 the third class condition implied that the statement about Paul or an angel preaching contrary to the gospel was purely hypothetical, and not (at the time of writing) open to verification. In v. 9, on the other hand, a statement is made which implies a distinct possibility of present fulfilment. The application of this first class condition is not strictly specific, as signalled by the intrinsically indefinite subject of the verb (ti"). This indefiniteness has implications for the time reference of the clause. It is (75) In the Y manuscript parelavbete in v. 9 is replaced by eujhggelisavmeqa uJmi'n. This text is late, and this variant can be explained as assimilation to the language of v. 8; a change in the other direction would be harder to explain. (76) LONGENECKER, Galatians, 18. Cf. LIGHTFOOT, Epistle, 77. H.N. RIDDERBOS, The Epistle of Paul to the Churches of Galatia (London 1954) 51, suggests that the construction speaks of a “present concrete situation”. (77) WITHERINGTON, Grace in Galatia, 83.