Trent Rogers, «A Syntactical Analysis of 'oun' in Papyrus 66.», Vol. 25 (2012) 75-99
Greek particles are often overlooked in the interpretation and translation of ancient texts, but a better understanding of their syntactical functions aids in understanding the relationships among clauses and results in a better understanding of the texts’ meanings. This article examines the use of oun in Papyrus 66, provides examples and explanations of the different uses, and categorizes every occurrence in the Gospel of John. It clarifies established uses and paves new ground by locating the comparative use. Moreover, it notices a dialogical pattern wherein lego + oun serves as an alternative to apokrinomai (kai lego), and in this pattern, asyndeton with lego may convey increased markedness.
92 Trent A. Rogers
avoid divorcing the preposition from its object, this positioning
does allow an adjectival modifier to be introduced71.
c. Interrogative (so): Smyth states that in Classical Greek, the
interrogative use is typically with the aorist72. But this pattern
does not play out in the limited interrogative use in John as
all occurrences are in the present (1:21, 1:25, [8:5 not in P66],
9:19). The interrogative use of οὖν is always also inferential as
the question rests on a deduction from the previous sentence.
Although the interrogative use makes a deduction from the pre-
ceding material, I wish to distinguish it from the deductive use
because the interrogative οὖν functions to deny or question the
validity of the logical deduction. The occurrences are limited
in P66, and all examples of the interrogative οὖν occur with an
interrogative marker: τί in 1:21, 25 and πῶς in 9:19. When it ap-
pears in a collocation coupled with an interrogative marker, οὖν
draws attention to the logical connection between the question-
ing sentence and the preceding in sentence. The interrogative,
οὐκοῦν, occurs in John 18:37.
9:19: και επηρωτησαν αυτους λεγοντες ουτος εστιν ο ϋϊος ϋμων
ον ϋμις λεγετε οτι τυφλος εγεννηθη πως ουν αρτι βλεπει73. The
“Jews” make a deductive question based on the content of John
9:18. If it is true that he was born blind, how could it follow
that he now sees? So the interrogative use of οὖν questions the
validity of the deduction.
d. Comparative (likewise, similarly): this use highlights the similar-
ity between two sentences. To my knowledge, no grammarians
have proposed a comparative use of οὖν, so I will proceed with
some degree of caution74. There are at most four occurrences in
P66: 3:29, 8:38, 13:14, 16:22. Obviously, this belongs under the
broader categorization of inferential use because it shows how
one sentence is logically related to the previous sentence. All of
the comparative uses occur in direct discourse.
71
This example is complicated by the attributive positioning of the demonstrative adjec-
tive.
72
Smyth, Grammar, 2962. Mantey, “Meaning”, 52, does not distinguish the interroga-
tive use from the general inferential use.
73
“And they asked them saying, “‘Is this your son whom you say was born blind? How
then does he see’”?
74
The closest is Abbott, Grammar, §§ 2194-2197, who proposes that οὖν can denote
correspondence, but he still translates οὖν as “therefore” which seems to assume an infer-
ential use.