Alexander Loney, «Narrative Structure and Verbal Aspect Choice in Luke.», Vol. 18 (2005) 3-31
In order to represent the actions of past-time narrative, Luke can choose
to employ either the aorist or the imperfect tense, that is, either the perfective
or the imperfective aspect. By selecting one tense over the other Luke
manipulates verbal aspect to give organization to his episodic narrative and
to create contrastive prominence (enargeia) within individual pericopes. In
this way, he follows in the tradition of his historiographical predecessors
–most notably Thucydides– who, through their subtle play with verbal aspect,
composed narratives concerned with at once the factual representation
of the past and their own contemporary, didactic purposes.
20 Alexander C. Loney
lapping structures (e.g., 11,27 – 13,1, between the Petrine and Pauline
narratives) and small (e.g., 8,1b-2, between the narratives of Christianity
in Jerusalem and its spread beyond)54.
Longenecker draws attention to verse 12,25 in particular as having
special importance in creating an overlapping transition55. The first half
of this verse, along with 12,24, deserves a closer look:
[24] δ λ γος το θεο η ξανεν κα πληθ νετο. [25] ΒαÏναβ Ï‚ δ
κα Σα λος Ï€ στÏεψαν ξ εÏουσαλ μ Ï€Î»Î·Ï ÏƒÎ±Î½Ï„ÎµÏ‚ Ï„ ν διακον αν...
[24] And the word of God grew and spread. [25] Then Barnabas and Saul
returned from Jerusalem having completed their ministry... 56
Longenecker does not note linguistic features on the level of verbal
aspect as markers of his “‘chain-link’ interlockâ€. However, we see a pat-
tern here very much in keeping with the Lukan cadential practice. We
have two imperfective verbs, η ξανεν and πληθ νετο, that utilize the
mimetic mode of discourse, “vivifying†the narrative. In conjunction with
these we have an aorist verb of motion, Ï€ στÏεψαν, which relates a point
of historical record. From this aorist verb onward –set apart from the
preceding mimetic section by the discontinuous particle δ – the narrative
proceeds by the diegetic mode. The nature of this sequence as a transition
and a “‘chain-link’ interlock†with elements of different narrative sections
interwoven with one another can also be seen on the referential level: the
linearly earlier text refers to circumstances to follow in the narrative’s
chronology and the linearly later text to events having happened previ-
ously on the timeline. V. 24 points forward (and to some extent back-
ward), anticipating the spread of “the word of God†to Cyprus (13,4) and
beyond. At the same time, v. 25 points backward, referring to Barnabas
and Saul’s service in Judea, spent partly in Jerusalem (11,29-30). These
verbal features strengthen Longenecker’s proposal for a Lukan tendency
to interconnect narrative episodes57.
Such an overlapping structure can be seen in Luke 4,1-2. The pericope
immediately preceding the temptation episode is the story of Jesus’ bap-
54
Ibid., 188-89. The other two are Luke 24,47 – Acts 1,12 (between books) and 19,21-41.
55
Ibid., 190-91, 200-01.
56
Acts 12,24-25a, author’s translation. I have taken as preferable the reading of ξ
εÏουσαλ μ to ε Ï‚ εÏουσαλ μ, as has Longenecker (Ibid., 190).
57
It should be made clear that the narrative passages that Longenecker treats as overlap-
ping are not pericopes; they are rather major thematic sections of four to eight chapters
in length (he outlines four in total for the book). Nonetheless, this stylistic feature that
Longenecker finds at a larger level is also present at a smaller, pericope-scale level.