Alexander Loney, «Narrative Structure and Verbal Aspect Choice in Luke.», Vol. 18 (2005) 3-31
In order to represent the actions of past-time narrative, Luke can choose
to employ either the aorist or the imperfect tense, that is, either the perfective
or the imperfective aspect. By selecting one tense over the other Luke
manipulates verbal aspect to give organization to his episodic narrative and
to create contrastive prominence (enargeia) within individual pericopes. In
this way, he follows in the tradition of his historiographical predecessors
–most notably Thucydides– who, through their subtle play with verbal aspect,
composed narratives concerned with at once the factual representation
of the past and their own contemporary, didactic purposes.
Narrative Structure and Verbal Aspect Choice in Luke 29
simple consideration of the linguistic features present, in addition to the
previously stated arguments for the cohesion of vv. 31-44, will clarify
why this is a continuation of the same pericope. While it does represent
a change in narrative setting and a minor transition to a new subsection,
the change in setting is local, moving from one part of Capernaum to
another, not to a completely new place as would be expected of a full
transition. Moreover, the discontinuous particle δ is employed here more
as a marker for change in narratorial perspective, as was seen above, than
to separate the section of the narrative from what preceded. From here,
the diegetic mode continues, with the imperfective συνεχομ νη (38) serv-
ing as a usual backgrounding verb, through most of v. 39.
The third instance of mimetic discourse occurs at the end of v. 39.
In this case, the verb διηκ νει represents a section of internally-focused
discourse that consists of only one clause. In this way, it is similar to
cadential occurrences of mimetic discourse. In addition to acting as a
“vivifying†verb that recounts action as observed, it effects a minor tran-
sition to the next subsection of the pericope, just as between v. 37 and
38. But in this case, as opposed to full transitions, the mimetic discourse
continues into the new section without interruption.
The new subsection moves forward with the mimetic mode via the
imperfective ∆ νοντος (40) and continues through v. 41. The aorist
γαγον (40) in this environment is still part of the mimetic discourse.
From the perspective of Jesus, or an anonymous observing conscious-
ness nearby, the sequential actions are the sun’s setting (∆ νοντο), Jesus’
healing ( πιτιθε Ï‚ Î¸ÎµÏ Ï€ÎµÏ…ÎµÎ½), the demons’ departing and resisting
( ξ Ïχετο, ÎºÏ Î¶Î¿Î½Ï„Î±, and λ γοντα), and Jesus’ rebuking ( πιτιμ ν).
γαγον represents the action of the arrival of the sick and possessed as
a completed event from the perspective of the on-the-spot observer. This
aorist action is presupposed to have already occurred within the internal
mimetic narrative. In this way, it essentially provides the background for
the subsection on Jesus’ twilight healing and the mimetic presentation of
the events conveys the actions as they unfold.
The diegetic mode interjects with v. 42 and continues through to v.
43. Even though v. 42b has three imperfectives, these all represent action
that is strictly backgrounded to the main aorist verb λθον (42) and
Jesus’ following speech with its aorist ε πεν (43). The circumstance sur-
rounding the crowd’s arrival is its searching for Jesus ( πεζ τουν) and,
likewise, the circumstance surrounding Jesus’ statement that he must
travel to other places is the crowd’s restraint on him (κατε χον α τ ν
το μ ποÏε εσθαι).
The fourth and final occurrence of mimetic discourse is contained in
the final cadence that closes the pericope. This cadence, however, differs