Doubt or dispute (Jude 9 and 22-23) 215 With respect to tense and mood, present tense (indicative) marks references to the querulous murmurers/separatists and imperative mood (aorist and present) marks communal address in vv. 17-22. Significantly, Jude merges these tense and mood markers in [B2C2]: whereas he uses the aorist imperative to exhort the faithful to proper intra-communal actions — they are to remember (mnhvsqhte, [C]) and to guard themselves (thrhvsate, [C1]) — he uses the present imperative to convey his instructions for contact with the diakrinomenoi (ejlea'te; sw/vzete, [B2C2]). The present tense of the imperatives [B2][C2] is consistent with other present tense references to the querulous murmurers/separatists [B][B1]; the imperative mood is consistent with Jude’s communal address [C][C1]. Thus, the imperative mood links vv. 22-23 to the preceding passages (vv. 17-21); together they form a section that contains the only imperatives in the letter. The grammatical shift from aorist to present tense parallels Jude’s thematic move from directives that protect the inside group from outside influence (remember; guard) to instructions for communication with outsiders (extend mercy; save). With respect to syntax, Jude develops a distinct pattern of front- positioning pronouns in vv. 16-22: ou|toi (v. 16[B]) – uJmei'" (v. 17[C]) – ou|toi (v. 19[B1]) – uJmei'" (v. 20[C1]) – eJautouv" (v. 21[C1]) – ou{" (v. 22[B2]). Therewith, he emphatically signals the direction of his discourse at the beginning of each shift from audience to infiltrators and vice versa. The structural design of vv. 16-22 with its distinctive grammatical (i.e., tense and mood forms), thematic (i.e., the back and forth movement between “you” and “these”), and syntactical (i.e., the position of pronouns) features, supports my conclusion that the pronoun ou{" [B2] refers to those who have previously been identified as outoi [B][B1]. Contrasting identity markers (i.e., markers that contrast | “you” and “these”) run parallel from the twice repeated demonstrative pronoun ou|toi [B][B1] to the relative pronoun in the accusative, ou{" [B2], and from the twice repeated personal pronoun uJmei'" [C][C1] to the reflexive pronoun in the accusative, eJautouv" [C1]. The pronouns ou{" and eJautouv" mark the final distinction between the two groups that Jude addresses throughout his letter (42). (42) The distribution of pronouns in the letter supports this conclusion. Jude prefers to address the faithful with a personal pronoun. Most frequently he uses second person plural uJmei'" (vv. 2, 3[2x], 5[2x], 12, 17, 18, 20[2x], 24) but also includes first person plural address hJmei'" (vv. 3, 4[2x],17, 21, 25[2x]); he uses the reflexive pronoun eJautouv" twice (vv. 20, 21). Jude never addresses members of the faithful