Alexander Loney, «Narrative Structure and Verbal Aspect Choice in Luke.», Vol. 18 (2005) 3-31
In order to represent the actions of past-time narrative, Luke can choose
to employ either the aorist or the imperfect tense, that is, either the perfective
or the imperfective aspect. By selecting one tense over the other Luke
manipulates verbal aspect to give organization to his episodic narrative and
to create contrastive prominence (enargeia) within individual pericopes. In
this way, he follows in the tradition of his historiographical predecessors
–most notably Thucydides– who, through their subtle play with verbal aspect,
composed narratives concerned with at once the factual representation
of the past and their own contemporary, didactic purposes.
16 Alexander C. Loney
Here again the phrase appears with an aorist verb with the preced-
ing sentence carried by imperfects. The function of the ν τα Ï‚ μ Ïαις
κε ναις phrase remains the same: it sets at a distance the preceding
statements of 1,80 by positioning the entirety of the present action of
2,1 (the aorist ξ λθεν) near to the speaking consciousness, viewed from
an external perspective. The phrase, in conjunction with the change of
verbal aspect, switches the mode of discourse. Luke then proceeds, in the
new mode of discourse, to write in an annalistic manner. His statement
in 2,1 is a matter of pure historical record: there was a census.
One other passage where Luke employs this phrase will shed light on
our present discussion about narratorial distance. In chapter nine, Luke
gives his account of the transfiguration. At the climax of the pericope,
after Peter irrationally offered to erect tents for Moses, Elijah, and Jesus,
a cloud appears, enveloping all present:
[34] τα τα δ α το λ γοντος γ νετο νεφ λη κα πεσκ αζεν α το ς·
φοβ θησαν δ ν τ ε σελθε ν α το ς ε ς τ ν νεφ λην. [35] κα φων
γ νετο κ τ ς νεφ λης λ γουσα Ο τ ς στιν υ ς μου κλελεγμ νος,
α το κο ετε. [36] κα ν Ï„ γεν σθαι Ï„ ν φων ν ε Ï Î¸Î· ησο Ï‚ μ νος.
κα α το σ γησαν κα ο δεν Ï€ γγειλαν ν κε ναις τα Ï‚ μ Ïαις ο δ ν
ν Ïακαν.
[34] And, when he was saying these things, a cloud appeared and was
overshadowing them. And they were afraid as they entered into the cloud.
[35] Then a voice came out of the cloud, saying, “This is my son, the chosen
one, listen to himâ€. [36] And, when the voice had spoken, Jesus was found
alone. And they were silent and, in those days, told nothing of what they had
seen to anyone (43).
VV. 34-35 have an intensity of experience as befits this climactic mid-
point of the gospel and the dramatic unveiling of a mysterious identity.
As the voice sounds from the cloud announcing who Jesus is, the mode of
discourse is the internally focused mimetic, and the reader observes the
actions as they occur via the sequence of imperfective verbs: λ γοντος,
πεσκ αζεν, and λ γουσα. The lone aorist φοβ θησαν, excepting the
non-aspectual γ νετο and τ ε σελθε ν44, is still a part of the mimetic
43
Luke 9,34-36, author’s translation.
44
τ ε σελθε ν is aspectually vague here on account of the infrequence of the verb
ε σ Ïχομαι in the imperfective form. There are only four occurrences of the verb in the
imperfective form, none of them as an infinitive, in the entire Luke-Acts corpus out of
84 total occurrences. The present form of this verb appears to be mostly constrained to
future-referring uses. See Luke 10,8; 21,21.