50 Terrance Callan does not recognize the story to which reference is being made. The author of 2 Peter may have been trying to minimize reference to non- biblical literature (20). Jude 6 says that God “has kept [the angels] in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day” (21). 2 Pet 2,4 says that God “cast the angels into hell and committed them to chains of deepest darkness to be kept until the judgment”. The author of 2 Peter changed the main verb of the clause from “kept” to “committed”, perhaps to emphasize that God was responsible for putting the angels in chains, not merely for keeping them there. The author of 2 Peter made this still more emphatic by adding a participle to say that God cast the angels into hell (22). 2 Peter used a different word for “chains” than that used in Jude 6, and eliminated the adjective “eternal”, perhaps because the idea that the chains are eternal conflicts with the idea that the angels are subject to judgment in the future. 2 Peter also changed “chains in deepest darkness” into “chains of deepest darkness”, suggesting that the chains were not literal chains, but that the chains consisted of darkness (23). 2 Peter changed the main verb of Jude 6, i.e., “kept”, into a participle, using it to say that God was keeping the angels for judgment. The author of 2 Peter omitted the phrase “of the great day”, which modifies judgment in Jude 6. Perhaps he thought it added nothing to the meaning. 2 Peter’s second conditional clause (v. 5) cites the precedent of the flood, “[If God] did not spare the ancient world”. This obviously provided another precedent for God’s punishment of evildoers. However, it also allowed 2 Peter to introduce a precedent for God’s salvation of the righteous, i.e., the salvation of Noah and his family. This precedent is not found in Jude. 2 Peter’s third conditional clause (v. 6-8) cites the precedent of Sodom and Gomorrah, “[If God] condemned them”. Jude 7 says (20) KELLY, Epistles, 331. (21) This echoes 1 Enoch 10:4. 6.11-14; 22:11; 91:15. (22) He also makes use of a Greek verb, tartarovw = cast into hell, that is reminiscent of the Greek myth of the Titans who were cast into hell, though he probably derives its use from Hellenistic Jewish authors (KELLY, Epistles, 331; BAUCKHAM, Jude, 2 Peter, 249). Neyrey says this usage suggests that 2 Peter was written for a multi-cultural audience (2 Peter, Jude, 198, 202). (23) BAUCKHAM, Jude, 2 Peter, 249. Fornberg argues that 2 Peter 2,4 says that the angels were committed to pits (siroi'") of deepest darkness, rather than chains (seirai"). He further argues that siroi'" is “religious vocabulary originally derived ' from the Eleusinian Mysteries” (Early Church, 53).