58 Terrance Callan 1,15 poih'sai krivsin kata; pavntwn kai; elevgxai pa'san yuch;n peri; pavntwn tw'n j e[rgwn ajsebeiva" aujtw'n w|n hjsevbhsan kai; peri; pavntwn tw'n sklhrw'n w|n elalhsan kat∆ aujtou' aJmartwloi; jv ajsebei'". 1,16 Ou|toiv eijsin goggustai; 2,18 uJpevrogka gar mataiovthto" ; memyivmoiroi kata; ta;" ejpiqumiva" fqeggovmenoi deleavzousin ejn ejpiqumivai" eJautw'n poreuovmenoi, kai; to; stovma sarko;" ajselgeivai" tou;" ojlivgw" aujtw'n lalei' uJpevrogka, qaumavzontej ajpofeuvgonta" tou;" ejn plavnh/ provswpa wjfeleivaj cavrin. anastrefomenou", j v 2 Pet 2,19 ejleuqerivan aujtoi'" ejpaggellovmenoi, aujtoi; dou'loi uJpavrconte" th'" fqora'": w/| gar ti" h{tthtai, touvtw/ dedouvlwtai. v 2,20 eij ga;r ajpofugovnte" ta; miavsmata tou' kovsmou ejn ejpignwvsei tou' kurivou ªhJmw'nº kai; swth'ro" ∆Ihsou' Cristou', touvtoi" de; pavlin ejmplakevnte" hJttw'ntai, gevgonen aujtoi'" ta; escata ceivrona tw'n prwvtwn. [ 2,21 krei'tton ga;r h|n aujtoi'" mh; ejpegnwkevnai th;n oJdo;n th'" dikaiosuvnh" h] ejpignou'sin uJpostrevyai ejk th'" paradoqeivsh" aujtoi'" aJgiva" ejntolh'". 2,22 sumbevbhken aujtoi'" to; th'" ajlhqou'" paroimiva": kuvwn ejpistrevya" ejpi; to; i[dion ejxevrama, kaiv: u|" lousamevnh ei" kulismo;n borbovrou. In 2,17-22 the author of 2 Peter continues the description of the false teachers begun in vv. 10b-16. In vv. 17-22 the author made highly selective use of Jude 12-16. Jude 12-13 consists of five brief descriptions of the opponents. 2 Peter adapted the first of these (“blemishes on your love-feasts, feasting with you without fear, feeding themselves”) in 2,13. The remaining four descriptions are metaphors drawn from the natural world (43). 2 Pet 2,17 is an adaptation of the first and fourth; the second and third are completely omitted. 2 Pet 2,17 begins with the words, “These are”, taken from the beginning of Jude 12. The first of Jude’s four metaphors describes the opponents as “waterless clouds carried along by the winds”. 2 Pet 2,17 changed the waterless clouds to “waterless springs” and added “mists driven by a storm”. Perhaps the author of 2 Peter thought that waterless springs was better than waterless clouds as a metaphor for lack of productivity (44). Having changed the clouds into springs, the author of 2 Peter could no longer say that they were carried along by the winds. So he introduced a second metaphor of his own, i.e., mists, and described them as driven by a storm. Jude’s image suggests that the opponents have no direction of their own, but are moved this way and (43) Bauckham (Jude, 2 Peter, 90-91) says that these metaphors may have been suggested by 1 Enoch 2:1–5:4 and 80:2-8. (44) KELLY, Epistles, 344-45. According to Watson, “waterless springs” is a traditional metaphor; he cites Jer 2,13 (Invention, 120).