Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter 59 that by external forces. 2 Peter’s image suggests that the false teachers are controlled by a powerful external force that directs their actions. This may have conveyed the author’s view of the false teachers better than Jude’s language did. 2 Pet 2,17 omitted the second, third and fourth metaphors in Jude 12-13. Either the author of 2 Peter did not find these helpful as a description of the false teachers, or he did not think such a multiplication of images was effective (45). Although 2 Peter did not use the fourth metaphor, i.e., “wandering stars”, it did use the description of these wandering stars in Jude 13 as ones “for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever”. 2 Pet 2,17 omitted “forever”, but otherwise quoted this verbatim. This is the longest quotation from Jude in 2 Peter thus far. Jude 14-15 continues to describe the opponents by saying that they are the fulfillment of a passage from 1 Enoch that is cited, i.e., 1 Enoch 1:9. 2 Peter omitted this, perhaps in order to avoid the citation of a writing not found in the bible. Fornberg argues that 2 Peter omitted this citation because it speaks of a past event and thus “could not be used against those who denied the parousia of Christ”(46). Fornberg also suggests that 1 Enoch may not have been known to the Gentile readers of 2 Peter and that it would have been “dangerous” to seek support from it. And the citation mentions only the negative not the positive aspect of judgment; both were of interest to the author of 2 Peter (47). Jude 16 continues to describe the opponents in two clauses as “grumblers and malcontents, they indulge their own lusts; they are bombastic in speech, flattering people to their own advantage”. 2 Pet 2,18 begins with an adaptation of the second clause. The author of 2 Peter transformed Jude’s statement that the opponents’ mouth speaks bombast, into a participial phrase, i.e., “speaking bombast”; he uses a different word meaning “speak”, once again displaying a preference (45) According to Bauckham, the author of 2 Peter probably thought these metaphors were redundant (Jude, 2 Peter, 272). According to Watson (Invention, 183-184) the author of 2 Peter might not have used the images because he was following rhetorical conventions of not crowding metaphors, avoiding a series of metaphors of the same species, or avoiding use of more than three metaphors in a row. However, the overall style of 2 Peter makes Watson think it unlikely that this was the author’s motivation. 2 Peter 2,13-22 violates these conventions (Invention, 123-124). (46) FORNBERG, Early Church, 47. (47) FORNBERG, Early Church, 56.