Terrance Callan, «Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter», Vol. 85 (2004) 42-64
Assuming that 2 Pet 2,1–3,3 is dependent on Jude 4-18, this essay describes in detail the way the author of 2 Peter has used Jude’s material. It is clear that the author of 2 Peter has not simply incorporated Jude, as is sometimes asserted. Rather, 2 Peter has thoroughly reworked Jude to serve its own purposes. 2 Pet 2,1–3,3 is best described as a free paraphrase of Jude 4-18. The relationship between the two texts is similar to the relationship between 1 Clem 36.2-5 and Heb 1,3-13.
56 Terrance Callan
word for “blots†in Jude 12 (35). Otherwise, this material has no
counterpart in Jude. In 2 Pet 2,13 the author coupled “blotsâ€, taken
from Jude, with blemishes, and so prepared for his use of the phrase
“without blot or blemish†in 3,14. Bauckham thinks that the phrase
“indulging in their deceits (ajpavtai") while they feast with you†may
contain a pun on Jude 12 — “blots on your love feasts (ajgavpai"),
feasting with you†(36). Senior suggests that the author of 2 Peter
changed love feasts to deceits either because love feasts were not a
custom in the churches he addresses, or because they had not been
abused by his opponents (37). Perkins suggests that 2 Peter is trying to
obviate any suspicion that the feasting occurs at formal celebrations of
the Christian church (38).
2 Pet 2,15 is an adaptation of Jude 11. Jude 11 compares the
opponents to Cain, Balaam and Korah. 2 Peter omitted any reference
to the first and third, though it adapted the image of the “way†from
Jude’s reference to Cain (39). The description of the false teachers as
accursed children at the end of 2 Pet 2,14 may also have been
suggested by Jude’s reference to Cain, the accursed child of Adam and
Eve (Gen 4,11). The author may have thought it more effective to
make a single comparison at greater length, than three very brief
comparisons. In addition comparison with Balaam may have been
particularly appropriate following an accusation that the false teachers
are greedy (40). Senior suggests that the author of 2 Peter focused on
Balaam because “his credentials as prophet and wise man fit the false
teachers†(41).
Jude 11 says of the opponents that “they went the way of Cain and
abandoned themselves to Balaam’s error for the sake of gainâ€. 2 Pet
2,15 says of the false teachers, “Having left the straight way, they have
erred, having followed the way of Balaam, son of Bosor, who loved
the gain of wrongdoingâ€. Using the word “way†twice in different
cases is polyptoton. Jude 11 says that the opponents have gone the way
of Cain; 2 Pet 2,15 expressed a similar idea more generally and in
negative terms, i.e., the false teachers have left the straight way. This
(35) KELLY, Epistles, 341; FORNBERG, Early Church, 49-50; BAUCKHAM, Jude,
2 Peter, 265-66; NEYREY, 2 Peter, Jude, 209-210.
(36) BAUCKHAM, Jude, 2 Peter, 260, 266; so also WATSON, Invention, 117.
(37) SENIOR, 1 and 2 Peter, 124.
(38) PERKINS, First and Second Peter, 185.
(39) BAUCKHAM, Jude, 2 Peter, 267; NEYREY, 2 Peter, Jude, 210.
(40) BAUCKHAM, Jude, 2 Peter, 260.
(41) SENIOR, 1 and 2 Peter, 125; cf. FORNBERG, Early Church, 39-40.