Terrance Callan, «The Style of Galatians», Vol. 88 (2007) 496-516
Especially since the publication of H. D. Betz’s commentary in 1979 much attention has been given to rhetorical analysis of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. Discussion has focused on the species of Galatians’ rhetoric, i.e., whether it is forensic, deliberative or epideictic; little attention has been given to its style. This paper is an attempt to supply that lack. It begins by describing stylistic ornamentation of Galatians with respect to vocabulary and syntax and proceeds to discuss the presence of plain, middle and grand styles in Galatians. Finally it considers the implications of stylistic analysis for interpretation of Galatians.
510 Terrance Callan
omitting and excluding nothing (209), by repetition (211), by use of the
past tense (214), by gradually revealing something (216), by use of
circumstantial detail (217), harsh sounds (219) and onomatopoeia (220).
Persuasiveness depends on clarity and familiarity (221). Omitting
some points for the listener to work out for himself involves the
listener (222).
Letters should be written in plain style (223), combining the
elegant style with the plain style (235).
The faulty style corresponding to the plain is the arid style (236).
Arid diction is seen in narrating a great event in trivial language (237).
Arid composition is seen in an unbroken series of phrases or abruptly
breaking off a clause and not completing it (238).
The diction of Galatians is not particularly normal and familiar
since it uses four rare words and seven neologisms. If we combine the
metaphors of Galatians into basic metaphors as outlined above, it still
has 15 different metaphors. It also includes as many as 27 other tropes.
2 Peter, a text written in the full or grand style, uses more rare
words, i.e., ten, but fewer neologisms, i.e., four. 2 Peter has 26
metaphors and as many as 29 other tropes. Since 2 Peter is about half
the length of Galatians, the two use about the same percentage of
neologisms, while Galatians uses a significantly smaller percentage of
rare words. Proportionately Galatians has half the number of
metaphors and other tropes found in 2 Peter.
Although Galatians seems to use more neologisms than is
consistent with writing in plain style, its diction is otherwise only
about half as elevated as that of 2 Peter, which seems consistent with
Galatians’ being written in plain style. This is even more the case when
we observe that many of Galatians’ metaphors are highly conventional
and probably had lost much of their metaphoric impact by the time
Paul wrote. Perhaps it is written in the Asian version of plain style, that
is, a somewhat more ornate version of the plain style (36).
Many of the things that Demetrius recommends as contributing to
clarity are characteristic of Galatians. In general Paul has used
connectives and avoided asyndeton. We can see asyndeton in the lack
of a particle at the beginning of 3,13 and likewise in 3,28; 4,10; 4,12b;
5,4; 5,19-21 and 5,22. In 3,28 Paul probably quotes a fixed formula;
(36) Witherington also suggests that Galatians was written in Asian style
(Grace in Galatia, 32-33). On Asian style see CALLAN, “Style of the Second
Letter of Peterâ€, 204, 216-224.