Terrance Callan, «The Style of Galatians», Vol. 88 (2007) 496-516
Especially since the publication of H. D. Betz’s commentary in 1979 much attention has been given to rhetorical analysis of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. Discussion has focused on the species of Galatians’ rhetoric, i.e., whether it is forensic, deliberative or epideictic; little attention has been given to its style. This paper is an attempt to supply that lack. It begins by describing stylistic ornamentation of Galatians with respect to vocabulary and syntax and proceeds to discuss the presence of plain, middle and grand styles in Galatians. Finally it considers the implications of stylistic analysis for interpretation of Galatians.
The Style of Galatians 511
in 5,19-21 and 22 he gives lists of vices and virtues. Elsewhere Paul
has used connectives in Galatians.
One instance of repetition for the sake of clarity can be seen in
repetition of the conjunction e[peita in Galatians 1,18.21; 2,1.
Galatians does not make use of the type of dependent constructions
Demetrius seems to find incompatible with the plain style, i.e., indirect
discourse. In general it does use natural word order. However, the
subject of the clause in 2,7-10 is not mentioned until v. 9, and the direct
object precedes the subject in 3,8a.15.17; 5,1; 6,4.17. We have already
seen that Galatians does not generally use long periods; neither does it
use long clauses.
Galatians does not completely avoid hiatus between long vowels
and diphthongs as Demetrius recommends. In the first 7 verses of the
letter I count four instances of hiatus between diphthongs, one instance
of hiatus between a diphthong and a long vowel, and one instance of
hiatus between long vowels. While Galatians does include many
tropes and figures, in general they are not conspicuous. However, there
are some exceptions. Most obvious are the paronomasia in 5,2-3
(wjfelhvsei – ojfeilevth") and 5,7-8.10 (peivqesqai – peismonhv –
pevpoiqa). The latter includes one of Paul’s seven new coinages in
Galatians. In these respects too, Paul may write an Asian plain style.
One passage that is particularly vivid is Gal 1,12-2,14. Throughout
the passage we find an abundance of precise, circumstantial detail
concerning times, places and people. The verbs in this passage are
generally past tense (one exception is 1,20). The passage gradually
reveals the course of Paul’s life; in particular 2,6-10 gradually reveals
the outcome of Paul’s meeting with James, Cephas and John. All of
these things contribute to vividness.
The anacoluthon in 2,4-5 might be seen as an instance of omitting
something for the listeners to work out for themselves for the sake of
persuasiveness. Or it might be seen as faulty composition in that a
clause is abruptly broken off, perhaps because the thought is
unpleasant. It is a little uncertain how the listeners were expected to
complete the anacoluthon. Perhaps they were expected to supply
something like “we were urged to do this, i.e., circumcise Titus†as the
completion of the sentence (37). The anacoluthon in 2,6 does not require
(37) Betz (Galatians, 90) and Longenecker (Galatians, 50) suggest that
readers were expected to supply “Now this happened†as the beginning of the
sentence in vv. 4-5. It seems more likely that the end of the sentence is missing
than that the beginning is missing whether the anacoluthon is intentional or not.