Terrance Callan, «The Style of Galatians», Vol. 88 (2007) 496-516
Especially since the publication of H. D. Betz’s commentary in 1979 much attention has been given to rhetorical analysis of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. Discussion has focused on the species of Galatians’ rhetoric, i.e., whether it is forensic, deliberative or epideictic; little attention has been given to its style. This paper is an attempt to supply that lack. It begins by describing stylistic ornamentation of Galatians with respect to vocabulary and syntax and proceeds to discuss the presence of plain, middle and grand styles in Galatians. Finally it considers the implications of stylistic analysis for interpretation of Galatians.
512 Terrance Callan
the listeners to complete it because Paul begins the sentence again and
completes it himself.
More than the rest of Galatians, 2,4-10 resembles ordinary speech
with its anacolutha. This is appropriate for a letter, which is like one
side of a dialogue (Demetrius, 223). But perhaps this is too close an
approximation of ordinary speech to be suitable for a letter (226).
Elsewhere Galatians may resemble ordinary speech in other ways
more than Demetrius would consider appropriate, e.g., abundant use
of questions.
IV. The Grand and Middle Styles in Galatians
According to Augustine, the subdued (i.e., plain) style can be used
longer without variety than the grand style; however, all three styles
should be mingled (On Christian Doctrine 4.51). As we have noted
above, Augustine thinks Paul has done this in Galatians. Augustine
sees Gal 4,10-20 as an example of grand style. He considers the
passage an instance of grand style, despite an absence of ornament,
because of its depth of feeling. Augustine asks,
Is there anything here of contrasted words arranged antithetically, or of
words rising gradually to a climax, or of sonorous clauses, and
sections, and periods? Yet, notwithstanding, there is a glow of strong
emotion that makes us feel the fervor of eloquence (On Christian
Doctrine 4.20.44).
It is true that this passage is not highly ornamented. However, it is
not completely lacking in ornament. The passage makes use of the
metaphor of the family of God in vv. 12 and 19. We also find the trope
hyperbole in v. 15, the figures of speech asyndeton (v. 12b),
elimination (v. 14), transplacement (vv. 17-18), and the figure of
thought questions in vv. 15 and 16.
Augustine also says that Galatians rises to a temperate eloquence
at the end, though he does not identify the specific section of the letter
that he has in mind. Perhaps he is thinking of 5,1-6,10.
The first part of this section, namely 5,1-24, is rather highly
ornamented. Two of Paul’s new coinages are found in vv. 8 and 20.
The metaphor of the family of God is used in vv. 11.13 and 21; the
metaphor of freedom vs. slavery is used in vv. 1 and 13; the metaphor
of running and walking is used in vv. 7 and 16; the metaphor of
crucifixion is used in v. 24; and an agricultural metaphor is used in v.
22. Other metaphors occur in vv. 3.4.15 and 21.