Terrance Callan, «The Style of Galatians», Vol. 88 (2007) 496-516
Especially since the publication of H. D. Betz’s commentary in 1979 much attention has been given to rhetorical analysis of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. Discussion has focused on the species of Galatians’ rhetoric, i.e., whether it is forensic, deliberative or epideictic; little attention has been given to its style. This paper is an attempt to supply that lack. It begins by describing stylistic ornamentation of Galatians with respect to vocabulary and syntax and proceeds to discuss the presence of plain, middle and grand styles in Galatians. Finally it considers the implications of stylistic analysis for interpretation of Galatians.
508 Terrance Callan
finally saying that the intention of the false brothers was
katadoulwsousin makes use of the metaphor of freedom vs. slavery.
v
Thus v. 4 is one of the most ornate verses of Galatians. V. 5 includes
an instance of the figure of speech pleonasm, namely in the expression
ei[xamen th/ uJpotagh'/ (30).
The long sentence in vv. 6-10 also displays several ornaments. In
vv. 7-9 the terms ajkrobustiva" and peritomh'" are used several times as
metonymy for Gentiles and Jews respectively. Vv. 7-8 include
instances of ellipsis since eujaggevlion and ajpostolhvn are not repeated
in the second part of the two verses. V. 8 includes an instance of
antonomasia in that a participial phrase replaces the name of God.
Finally in v. 9 stu'loi is used metaphorically (31).
Stylistically these two sentences stand out rather starkly from the
rest of Galatians. Betz says vv. 6-10 is “one convoluted sentence, a
strange phenomenon in the otherwise so well-composed letter†(32).
This also applies to vv. 4-5. It is not clear whether the anacoluthon of
vv. 4-5 is intentional because allusion served Paul’s purpose better than
explicit details, or unintentional because Paul’s thought ran ahead of
his dictation (33). We will discuss the first possibility again below. If
Paul’s thought ran ahead of his dictation in an otherwise notably well
composed letter, we might suspect that it was because he had
particularly strong feelings about the people and events he is
discussing at this point (34). Although vv. 6-10 are simply complex, not
incomplete, despite the anacoluthon in v. 6, the same possibilities that
apply to vv. 4-5 also apply to it.
III. Plain Style in Galatians
In On Christian Doctrine 4 Augustine discusses the three general
styles of discourse, calling them subdued, temperate and grand. These
correspond to Cicero’s plain, middle and full styles respectively.
Augustine says that in general Galatians is subdued (i.e., plain) in style
(44) and specifically cites Gal 4,21-26 and 3,15-22 as examples of this
style (39). However, Gal 4,10-20 is an example of grand (i.e., full)
(30) BETZ, Galatians, 91 — yield by submission.
(31) LONGENECKER, Galatians, 57.
(32) BETZ, Galatians, 92.
(33) So DUNN, Galatians, 97.
(34) So J.L. MARTYN, Galatians. A new translation with introduction and
commentary (AB 33a; New York 1997) 195.