50 Matthew Oseka his text comparing it to the Polyglot which offered a text consistent with the Byzantine standard except the Comma Johanneum7. Although the Polyglot was printed in 1514, it came into use late (probably not until 1522) due to the legal tricks of Erasmus who acquired the exclusive rights for the publication of the Bible in the original languages in order to deter a release of the Polyglot8. Over time, the Polyglot project initiated by cardinal Ximenes (Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros) lost the confidence of Rome. The same was true of other biblical studies. In 1583 Benedictus Arias Montanus, the Spanish philologist, prepared an interlinear Greek - Latin New Testament9 but was harassed by the inquisition. The Vulgate in its multiple versions, which Luther consulted, was not an uniform text but rather a text altered, corrected, corrupted and restored over the centuries10. At times, differences between various editions of the Vulgate reflected respective discrepancies between Greek manuscripts so that the Wittenberg Reformer could thus make an indirect textual research. Luther appreciated the Vulgate as an instrumental translation of the Bible and was responsible for the Wittenberg revision thereof11 (called the Protestant Vulgate) released in 1529. This revision contains certain books of the Old Testament (the Pentateuch, the Book of Joshua, the Book of Judges and the Book of Kings) and the entire New Testament. The emendations eventuated from philological and doctrinal12 concerns. 7 Franz Delitzsch, Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Polyglottenbibel des Cardinals Ximenes (Leipzig: Edelmann, 1871), passim. 8 Erasmus Roterodamus, “To Willibald Pirckheimer (Basel, 28 January 1522),” in Collected Works, vol. 9 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 290 (n. 4). 9 Benedictus Arias Montanus, ed., Novum Testamentum Graece cum Vulgata interpretatione Latina Graeci contextus lineis inserta (Antwerp: Ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1583). 10 Franz Kaulen, Geschichte der Vulgata (Mainz: Kirchheim, 1868), passim. Ernst Ranke, ed., Codex Fuldensis: Novum Testamentum Latine interprete Hieronymo (Marburg and Leipzig: Elwert, 1868), passim. 11 Franz Kaulen, Geschichte der Vulgata (Mainz: Kirchheim, 1868), 318-327 [XIII]. Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, “Praefatio in editionem secundam recognitam,” in Novum Testamentum Latine, ed. Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1998), [sine pagina]. 12 Compare Galatians 5,6 in Jerome “fides quae per caritatem operatur” to the one in the Wittenberg revision “fides quae per caritatem est efficax”. However, according to Commentaria in Epistolam ad Galatas attributed to Jerome operatur was used as deponent to denote “the operation of faith which is manifested through love” and therefore it corresponds to “efficax est”. Hieronymus Stridonensis, “Commentaria in Epistolam ad Galatas,” in Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Latina, vol. 26, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1845), 399-400 [Galatians 5,6].