The Interpretation and Translation of Verbs of "Giving" in the New Testament 113 ἄρτον ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς φαγεῖν 2. Transference to a Goal With the Usage of Transference to a Goal, the thirteen verbs of “giving” require completion by an Agent, a Theme, and a Goal. The verbs admit to straightforward translation by English verbs of “giving”, which appear with a parallel usage of Transference to a Goal and have the same four characteristics: ἀναδίδωμι (give up, deliver), ἀνταποδίδωμι (give in return, pay back), ἀποδίδομαι (give in exchange, sell), ἀποδίδωμι (give back, pay back), διαδίδωμι (give out, distribute), δίδωμι (give), δωρέομαι (give, grant), ἐκδίδομαι (give use of, lease), ἐπιδίδωμι (give, deliver), μεταδίδωμι (give, share), παραδίδωμι (give over, hand over), προδίδωμι (give in advance), and χαρίζομαι (give, grant). The descriptive rule for retrieving the content of the null Benefactive of the action itself and of the Theme uses the semantic feature ±animate.5 This semantic feature specifies whether Greek grammar interprets entities to have an animate or an inanimate referent. In general, the determination of the ±animate distinction is straightforward. Divine and demonic beings, living human beings and animals, and forces of nature are +animate. Also treated as +animate in the NT are the referents of “idol” (εἴδωλον, 2 Cor 12,2) when it designates false gods, and “Jerusalem” (Matt 23,37; Luke 13,34) when it is attributed with the agentive functions of “stoning” and “killing”.6 All other entities, including dead human beings and animals, body parts, places, concepts, and events, are –animate. The ±animate distinction permits the formulation of the following descriptive rule: with the usage of Transference to a Goal, verbs of “giving” make (1) the +animate Goal entity the Benefactive of the action and Theme or (2) the +animate Benefactive of the –animate Goal entity the Benefactive of the action and Theme. With this usage, all –animate Goal entities require completion by a +animate Benefactive: (1) They will give [[for the Gentiles]] him [[who will become the Gentiles’]] over to the Gentiles and they will mock him (Mark 10,33-34) παραδώσουσιν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ ἐμπαίξουσιν αὐτῷ 5 Further discussion of this semantic feature appears in Danove, Linguistics and Exege- sis, 73-77, 91-119. 6 In the LXX, “idol” (Ezek 6,13) when designating false gods is a +animate entity with verbs of “giving”.