Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O’Donnell, «The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic
Standpoint: An Exercise in Hallidayan Linguistics», Vol. 14 (2001) 3-41
This study explores numerical or distributional
markedness in the verbal network of the Greek of the New Testament. It
extends the systemic analysis of Porter (Verbal Aspect in the Greek of
the New Testament, 1989), making use of the Hallidayan concept of
probabilistic grammar, which posits a typology of systems where features
are either "equiprobable".both features are equally distributed
(0.5/0.5).or "skewed".one feature is marked by its low frequency of
occurrence (0.9/0.1). The results confirm that the verbal aspect system of
the Greek of the New Testament is essentially independent of other verbal
systems, such as voice and mood.
Stanley E. Porter and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
20
calculations were done, that such was not entirely realistic, language being
what it is. We will draw attention to any systems that reveal distributions
that do not fall within the parameters that Halliday has outlined. For the
sake of our discussion we consider any ratio of greater than 0.7/0.3 to be
skewed, and any ratio less than that to be equiprobable. In other words,
for a distribution to be skewed, it must be a significantly higher distribu-
tion than simply a slight numerical advantage of one term over another.
There is, as a result, a significant possibility of a distribution that is close
to this dividing line, rendering judgments as to markedness on the basis
of distribution alone tentative.
4. Predicted and Actual Results
a. Predicted Results
The chart in Appendix A shows the revised system network, with the
predictions for each system indicated. Here we summarize how we ar-
rived at these predictions, drawing upon information already discussed in
Porter’s Verbal Aspect and Idioms of the Greek New Testament. System 1:
In the ASPECTUALITY system, the +expectational/+aspectual opposition
is realized in the formal choices between future forms and other verbal
tense-forms (e.g. aorist, present and perfect). The future form is mor-
phologically restricted in its forms, but is morphologically and seman-
tically, as well as syntactically (e.g. conditional statements), closely rela-
ted to non-indicative forms, as well as having syntactical and functional
relations to the indicative forms. Rather than place it in the category of
the already-established indicative or non-indicative forms, that is, as a
tense-form or as a mood, or even as an aspect, it is better considered a
part of the Greek verbal system but is not fully aspectual (that is, no
paradigmatic choice is offered). On this basis, we predicted that the
future form, realizing the semantic feature of +expectational, would
have a skewed distribution in relation to the +aspectual forms 69. System
2: In the ASPECT1 system, the ±perfective opposition, realized in aorist
and non-aorist (i.e. present [imperfect] and perfect [pluperfect]) tense-
forms, was predicted to be equiprobable, on the basis of distributional
figures and other criteria, such as semantics, already known from pre-
vious study 70. System 3: In the ASPECT2 system, the +imperfective/+sta-
tive opposition, realized in present (imperfect) and perfect (pluperfect)
tense-forms, was predicted to be skewed, with the +imperfective term to
69
Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 94-95, 97, 404-16.
70
Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 89-90 (where the opposition is labelled equipollent), pp.
178-81.