Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O’Donnell, «The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic
Standpoint: An Exercise in Hallidayan Linguistics», Vol. 14 (2001) 3-41
This study explores numerical or distributional
markedness in the verbal network of the Greek of the New Testament. It
extends the systemic analysis of Porter (Verbal Aspect in the Greek of
the New Testament, 1989), making use of the Hallidayan concept of
probabilistic grammar, which posits a typology of systems where features
are either "equiprobable".both features are equally distributed
(0.5/0.5).or "skewed".one feature is marked by its low frequency of
occurrence (0.9/0.1). The results confirm that the verbal aspect system of
the Greek of the New Testament is essentially independent of other verbal
systems, such as voice and mood.
The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic Standpoint 23
(being around 0.65 or 0.66/0.35 or 0.34), but each was still within the
range. The others were very similar in their distribution (system 2:
0.48/0.52, system 11: 0.55/0.45 and system 13: 0.54/0.46). Systems 1, 3,
4, 6, 8, 12, and 14 were predicted to be skewed, and all of them except
system 6 fell within the parameters set above for skewed distribution 81.
Systems 3 and 4 (0.87/0.13 and 0.90/0.10, respectively) were more skewed
than systems 8 and 12 (0.75/0.25 and 0.80/0.20). System 1 was even
more skewed at 0.94/0.06, but system 14 was the most highly skewed of
all at 0.97/0.03. Of the two systems that were predicted as uncertain,
systems 5 and 7, system 5 was skewed, with 0.72/0.28, although not by
a large margin. System 7 at 0.66/0.34 was similar in distribution to
systems 9 and 10, and so should probably be considered equiprobable in
distribution. In other words, virtually all of the predictions based upon
Porter’s Verbal Aspect and Idioms of the Greek New Testament, formulated
on the basis of analysis of morphology, implicational markedness, rudi-
mentary distributional figures, and semantic features, have been shown to
be correct in so far as distributional patterns over the whole of the Greek
New Testament are concerned.
These predictions are also supported by distributional probabilities
when individual corpora within the corpus of the Greek New Testament
are considered as well. In all but a few instances, the probabilities for the
whole of the New Testament also apply to the sections within it. We
have performed the same statistical analysis for the Synoptic Gospels
and Acts, the Pauline Letters, the Johannine Writings, and the other
books of the New Testament as we have for the whole of the New
Testament. In only perhaps five instances does one of these corpora
depart from the probabilities for the New Testament as a whole. As
Appendix B indicates in system 2, ASPECT1, the probability for the
whole New Testament is equiprobable that ±perfective would be selec-
ted (0.48/0.52). This ratio is very similar for all of the sub-corpora exam-
ined, apart from the Pauline Letters where a distribution of 0.36/0.64
is still within the range for equiprobable systems, but not as nearly equal
81
The features of system 6, CAUSALITY sub-system (CAUSALITY2), are realized by the
middle and passive voices in Greek. Statistical analysis of this system is hindered by the
fact that the middle and passive forms of the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect
tense-forms are formally/morphologically ambiguous. Machine-readable texts of the
New Testament differ in the manner in which they select to annotate these forms. The
Friberg text has a complex classification scheme that allows for active (a), middle (m),
passive (p), middle or passive (e), middle deponent (d), passive deponent (o) or middle
or passive deponent (n). The GRAMCORD text in contrast classifies an ambiguous
form as either middle (m) or passive (p) (though a recent revision has included both
options in cases of ambiguity). Given the current state of textual annotation of the New
Testament we decided to count all unambiguous middle and passive forms (aorist and
future) and then add half the frequency of all ambiguous forms to each of these totals.
We realize that this means of calculation may affect the results.