Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O’Donnell, «The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic
Standpoint: An Exercise in Hallidayan Linguistics», Vol. 14 (2001) 3-41
This study explores numerical or distributional
markedness in the verbal network of the Greek of the New Testament. It
extends the systemic analysis of Porter (Verbal Aspect in the Greek of
the New Testament, 1989), making use of the Hallidayan concept of
probabilistic grammar, which posits a typology of systems where features
are either "equiprobable".both features are equally distributed
(0.5/0.5).or "skewed".one feature is marked by its low frequency of
occurrence (0.9/0.1). The results confirm that the verbal aspect system of
the Greek of the New Testament is essentially independent of other verbal
systems, such as voice and mood.
The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic Standpoint 25
5. Implications of Results of Distributional Analysis
There is more that can be said on the basis of these calculations, how-
ever. These comments will be divided into two parts. The first part is con-
cerned with the findings regarding several individual systems. The second
is concerned with more extended patterns of distribution, with particular
reference to their implications regarding verbal aspect.
a. Individual Systems
As a result of the above analysis, several questions regarding certain
individual systems should be addressed. The first is the question of how
the semantic feature labelling is possibly affected by the distributional pat-
terns. This issue appears in several different forms. The first is where one
has an equiprobable distribution, but positive and negative terms are uti-
lized to indicate the semantic features, such as in system 2, where there is
an equiprobable distribution but the terms +perfective and –perfective are
used. This labelling would appear to indicate a skewed distribution, since
the use of + feature notation may seem to imply markedness. The same
question arises for systems 7, 10, and 11. Systems 1 and 3 are skewed in
their distribution, yet they have two positive semantic features indicated,
such as in system 1 with +expectational and +aspectual. There is also the
question of how one labels a system where one cannot clearly establish
equiprobable or skewed distribution. These questions of labelling are ones
that have been of interest to systemic linguists from the advent of this gra-
phic systemic display, since the convention seems to warrant concise and
consistent labelling conventions in the light of their use as semantic fea-
ture notation for the forms grammaticalized by these features 83. There has
been no resolution to the difficulties regarding the labelling of systems,
with some systemicists using systemic networks for purely semantic cate-
gories, others for formal categories, and others for a combination. The
major criticism of networks seems to revolve around instances where the
labelling terms are not either formally or implicationally motivated 84.
Our network has both formally and implicationally motivated terms, and
moves from the broadest to the most delicate semantic features, with the
more delicate features implicated by the previous entry conditions of the
network, and specific forms that serve as the unique realizations of the
semantic features. So long as this double condition is realized, as ours is,
83
Besides the sources mentioned in Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 8-11, see Butler,
Systemic Linguistics, pp. 40-45; R. Melrose, «Systemic Linguistics and the
Communicative Linguistics Syllabus», in Fawcett and Young (eds.), New Developments,
II, pp. 78-93.
84
See J.R. Martin, «The Meaning of Features in Systemic Linguistics», in Halliday
and Fawcett (eds.), New Developments, I, pp. 14-40; P.W. Davies, Modern Theories of
Language (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973), p. 298.