Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O’Donnell, «The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic
Standpoint: An Exercise in Hallidayan Linguistics», Vol. 14 (2001) 3-41
This study explores numerical or distributional
markedness in the verbal network of the Greek of the New Testament. It
extends the systemic analysis of Porter (Verbal Aspect in the Greek of
the New Testament, 1989), making use of the Hallidayan concept of
probabilistic grammar, which posits a typology of systems where features
are either "equiprobable".both features are equally distributed
(0.5/0.5).or "skewed".one feature is marked by its low frequency of
occurrence (0.9/0.1). The results confirm that the verbal aspect system of
the Greek of the New Testament is essentially independent of other verbal
systems, such as voice and mood.
Stanley E. Porter and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
22
the singular and plural forms, was predicted to be equiprobable, espe-
cially since the Greek of the New Testament no longer has a dual num-
ber. System 10: In the PARTICIPATION system 77, the ±included opposi-
tion, realized in the non-third person and the third person forms, was
predicted to be equiprobable. System 11: The ±direct opposition, real-
ized in the first and second person forms, was predicted to be equiproba-
ble. For both systems 10 and 11, prior to this study, we had only intui-
tions on which to base these predictions, but equiprobability seemed
likely on the basis of the mix of narrative and expositional material in the
New Testament. System 12: In the attitude system, the ±assertive oppo-
sition, realized in the indicative and non-indicative (excluding participle
and infinitive) mood forms, was predicted to be skewed, on the basis of
what is already known of frequency of the indicative verbal form, as well
as morphological, implicational and semantic criteria 78. System 13: The
+projective/+directive opposition, realized in the subjunctive/optative or
imperative mood forms, was predicted to be equiprobable, on the basis
of rudimentary distributional figures, as well as morphological, implica-
tional and semantic criteria 79. System 14: The ±contingent opposition,
realized in the optative and subjunctive mood forms, was predicted to be
skewed, on the basis of well-known distributional figures regarding the
disappearance of the optative in Hellenistic Greek, including that of the
New Testament, as well as morphological, implicational and semantic
criteria 80.
b. Actual Results
The chart in Appendix A also shows the Greek verbal network with
calculated probabilities from the Greek New Testament attached to each
of the terms in the systems. A summary of the relationship between the
predictions offered and the results is that virtually all of the predictions
were warranted, on the basis of the analysis offered in Verbal Aspect, taking
into consideration not only rudimentary distributional calculations, but
morphological, implicational and semantic criteria as well. Systems 2, 9,
10, 11, and 13 were predicted to be equiprobable, and all of them fell
within the parameters set above for equiprobable distribution. In systems
9 and 10, the distributions were closer to the boundary than in the others
77
See Porter, Idioms of the Greek New Testament, pp. 76-79, with reference to Lyons,
Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, pp. 276-78.
78
Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 163-77; idem, Idioms of the Greek New Testament, pp. 50-61.
79
Porter, Verbal Aspect, p. 181, as well as pp. 167-77, 321-62; idem, Idioms of the
Greek New Testament, pp. 52-61; cf. Reed, Discourse Analysis of Philippians, p. 115.
80
Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 181, 321-35; idem, Idioms of the Greek New Testament, pp.
56-61.