A Comparison of the Usage of ajkouvw and ajkouvw-Compounds 67 1. direct: anqæ w|n o{sa ejn th'/ skotiva/ ei[pate ejn tw'/ fwti; ajkousqhvsetai j therefore whatever you said in the dark will be heard in the light (Luke 12:3a). 2. indirect: ek tou' aijw'no~ oujk hjkouvsqh o{ti hjnevwxevn ti~ ojfqalmou;~ j tuflou' gegennhmevnou that anyone opened [the] eyes of one born blind was never heard (John 9:32). These modes of perception yield two distinct constructions in the pas- sive voice: direct perception indirect perception Explanation akouw jv akouw jv syntactic 1 [2] || 1 = sub., 2 = sec. argu., () = indef. null comp. || 1 (2) semantic Con Exp || Con(tent), Top(ic), Exp(eriencer) || Top Exp lexical N/V+ P || N = noun phrase, V+ = clause, P = prep. phrase || N/V+ N These representations recognize that the subject, ‘1,’ of ajkouvw in the passive voice is realized by a noun phrase or clause or is indicated by the verbal ending and that the second argument, ‘2,’ is realized by either a noun phrase (only in 2 Esdr 16:1) or a prepositional phrase (only in 1 Macc 14:43). The parentheses, (), indicate that the second argument may be indefinite and null, that is, omitted (null) even without a definite con- textual indication of the nature of the experiencer (indefinite). In such cases the general connotation, «someone» or «anyone,» must be supplied. Under certain circumstances, objects denoting speakers (that is, a human being, God, or another being attributed with speech) receive dif- ferent syntactic (case) realization than those denoting non-speakers. Within the analysis, objects designating speakers are deemed to be char- acterized by the semantic feature, «+ speaker,» and all other objects by the feature, «– speaker.» 1.2. Indirect Perception (Topic Construction) [265 occurrences] 1.2.1. Noun Phrase Objects [56 occurrences] Noun phrase objects of the topic construction consistently utilize the accusative case 4: 4 Object noun phrases (active, indirect): Exod 2:15; 18:1; Num 30:5, 6; Deut 4:6; 1 Sam 2:23; 3:11; 2 Sam 13:21; 1 Kgs 3:28; 8:42; 10:1; 2 Chr 9:1; Esth 1:18; Jdt 4:1; 11:8, 9; Tob 14:15; 1 Macc 8:12; 10:15, 22, 88; 2 Macc 11:24; 14:15; 3 Macc 4:12; Ps 131:6; Job 2:11; Wis 11:13; Isa 16:6; 33:15; 48:7; 66:19; Jer 26:12; 40:9; 43:3; 48:11; Matt 11:2; 24:6; Mark 13:7; Luke 9:7; 21:9; Acts 5:11b; 7:12; 17:32a; 23:16; 28:15; Gal 1:13; Eph 1:15; 3:2; 4:21; Phil 1:27; Col 1:4; 2 Thess 3:11; Phlm 5; Jas 5:11; 1 Jn 4:3; 3 Jn 4. The case of the subject depends on its function in its own verb phrase.