Paul Danove 66 who is heard (direct perception) or the topic of the perception (indirect perception) 2: 1. direct: ote oiJ nekroi; ajkouvsousin th`" fwnh`" tou` uiJou` tou` qeou` { when the dead will hear the voice of the son of God (John 5:25). 2. indirect: oJ de; jIwavnnh" ajkouvsa" ejn tw/` desmwthrivw/ ta; e[rga tou` Cristou` but John in prison hearing about the works of Jesus (Matt 11:2). The former example indicates that the dead will hear the voice direct- ly, whereas the latter indicates that John, who is in prison and not at the scene of Jesus’ activity, does not hear the actual works of Jesus as they are accomplished but only a report about them. These modes of perception yield two distinct constructions in the active voice: direct perception indirect perception Explanation akouw jv akouw jv syntactic 1 [2] || 1 = sub., 2=obj., [] =def. null complement || 1 [2] semantic Exp Con || Exp(eriencer), Con(tent), Top(ic) || Exp Top lexical N N/V+ || N = noun phrase, V+ = clause || N N/V+ These representations recognize that the subject, ‘1,’ of ajkouvw in the active voice is realized by a noun phrase (noun or pronoun) or is indicat- ed by the verbal ending and that the object, ‘2,’ is realized by either a noun phrase or a clause. The brackets, [], indicate that the second argu- ment (object) may be definite and null, that is, that the object may be omitted (null) only if the linguistic context provides a definite indication of the nature of the omitted argument 3: kai; ajkouvsante~ oiJ devka h[rxanto ajganaktei'n peri; jIakwvbou kai; Iwannou jv And hearing [that James and John had asked to sit, one at Jesus’ right hand and one at his left, in his glory (10:37)], the ten began to be angry with James and John (Mark 10:41). Definite null objects account for all active voice intransitive uses of ajkouvw. In the passive voice, ajkouvw continues to require two arguments; but the subject, ‘1,’ now designates the content (direct perception) or topic (indirect perception), and the second argument, ‘2,’ designates the expe- riencer. This experiencer usually is indefinite and null: 2 The discussion avoids the use of multiple examples of each noted usage and pro- vides examples only from the NT when these are available. Otherwise examples are from the LXX. 3 A detailed account of definite null complements appears in C. J. Fillmore, «‘U’- semantics, Second Round,» Quaderni di Semantica 7 (1986) 49-58.