Paul Danove, «A Comparison Of The Usage Of Akouw And Akouw- Compounds In The Septuagint And New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 65-86
This study characterizes all occurrences of
a0kou/w and seven related verbs (a0ntakou/w,
diakou/w, ei0sakou/w,
e0nakou/w, e0pakou/w,
parakou/w, and u9pakou/w)
in the Septuagint and New Testament according to their semantic and
syntactic properties, develops a single set of rules to describe the
distribution of noun phrase objects of these verbs, and then compares the
patterns of usage of these verbs in the Septuagint and New Testament. A
preliminary discussion identifies the semantic and syntactic properties
necessary to describe all biblical occurrences of
a0kou/w and proposes a set of descriptive rules that govern the
syntactic case of its noun phrase objects. Further investigation then
indicates that this same set of rules with only one minor modification
also is adequate to describe the syntactic case of noun phrase objects of
the noted a0kou/w-compounds. The discussion
concludes by comparing the distribution of noun phrase objects in
particular syntactic cases within the Septuagint and New Testament.
A Comparison of the Usage of ajkouvw and ajkouvw-Compounds 73
Col 1:23, which has no explicitly noted response, represents an occasion
of the attraction of the relative (ou|) to the case of its antecedent (eujagge-
liou) 19. Finally, although Rev 16:1 [h[kousa...legouvsh», «I heard a great
v
voice...saying»] presents no explicit response, this statement is in parallel
with two other statements (Rev 16:5, 7) that have genitive objects with a
modifying participle of levgw. Here the genitive may be attributed to nar-
rative concerns overruling grammatical expectations 20.
This indicates that noun phrase objects of ajkouvw that do not produce
a response by the subject [– response] consistently exhibit objects in the
accusative case. Examination reveals that 134 of the accusative occur-
rences in fact are characterized by the feature [– response] 21:
oiJ de; su;n ejmoi; o[nte~ to; me;n fw'~ ejqeavsanto th;n de; fwnh;n oujk
hkousan
[
Those with me saw the light but didn’t hear the voice (Acts 22:9).
1:12; Isa 6:8; 28:23; 32:9; 37:6; 38:5; 42:24; 48:18; 50:10 [A]; Jer 3:13, 25 [A]; 5:15;
6:17; 7:23, 28; 9:12; 11:3, 4, 10; 18:10; 20:16; 22:21; 23:22; 33:10 [A], 13; 34:16;
39:23; 42:8; 47:3; 49:6, 13, 21; 50:4, 7; 51:23; Bar 1:18, 19, 21; 2:5, 10, 22, 24, 29;
3:4a, 4b; Ezek 35:12; Dan 3:5, 7, 10, 15, 29; 9:10 [Sy], 11, 14; Mark 14:64; Luke 6:47;
15:25; John 5:25, 28; 7:40; 10:3, 16, 27; 12:47; 18:37; 19:13; Acts 7:34; 9:7b; 11:7;
22:1, 7; 2 Tim 1:13; Heb 3:7, 15; 4:7; 12:19; Rev 3:20; 11:12; 14:13; 16:1; 21:3. These
observations assume a continuity in the referents of subjects between «you [s.]» to «your
[s.] eyes» (1 Kgs 8:28). Although 1 Kgs 5:14a and 5:14b offer no explicit statement of
a response by those listening to Solomon’s wisdom, the context links Solomon’s recep-
tion of gifts (5:41b) with the action of hearing his wisdom by others. These occurrences
establish the possibility of fulfilling the requirement of a response by the context. The
parallel passage in 2 Chr 9:23 explicitly recognizes the hearers’ response in giving gifts
(9:24).
19
Attraction of the relative pronoun to the case of its antecedent is well-attested in
the LXX and NT: cf. F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the
New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1961), p. 153-154.
20
An alternative explanation would be that the narrator’s action in reporting the exe-
cution of the command given by the voice itself constitutes a response to hearing: that
is, the narrator hears the voice; and its response is the narration of the events instigated
by the voice.
21
Object noun phrase [– response, – speaker] (accusative, direct): Num 7:89; 24:16;
Deut 4:12, 33; 11:27; 32:1; Josh 6:10; 1 Sam 15:14; 2 Sam 19:36; 1 Kgs 10:6, 7, 8;
22:19; 1 Chr 17:20; 2 Chr 9:7; Jdt 5:5; 11:16; Tob 3:7 [S], 13, 15; 5:10 [S]; 10:12; Ps
61:12; 80:5; 140:6; Prov 16:21; Eccl 7:5a, 5b; Job 3:18; 4:16; 5:27; 13:17; 15:8; 27:9
[A]; 28:22; 31:30; 33:8; 37:2; 42:5; Sir 6:35; 16:5; 17:13; 29:23; Hos 4:1; Amos 3:1;
8:4; Mic 1:2; 3:1, 9; 6:2; Joel 1:2; Obad 1; Zeph 2:8; Isa 21:10b; 28:22, 23; 29:18; 30:9;
37:26; 41:26; 48:1, 16; 66:19; Jer 2:4, 31; 4:31; 8:16; 9:9; 11:2, 6; 18:13, 18; 19:3;
23:16; 27:45; 30:8; 42:13; 49:14; Ezek 1:24; 2:1; 3:12; 6:3; 21:3; 34:7; 36:1, 4; Matt
10:14; 11:4; 12:19, 42; 13:17, 18, 22; 21:33; Mark 4:18, 24; Luke 5:1; 7:22a; 10:24b,
39; 11:31; 19:11; John 8:43, 47a; 14:24; Acts 2:22, 33; 10:22, 33; 13:7, 44; 17:21;
19:10; 22:9; 1 Cor 2:9; 2 Cor 12:6; Gal 4:21; 2 Pet 1:18; 1 John 2:7, 24a; Rev 5:11, 13;
6:6; 7:4; 9:13, 16, 20; 12:10; 14:2a, 2b; 18:4; 19:1, 6; 22:8a.