280 terraNCe CallaN the word refers to the timing of sexual indulgence, not the indulgence itself. it seems most likely that the word refers to being past puberty 54. this suggestion receives support from the way epiphanius (310- 403 C.e.) uses these words in Panarion 2.61. in this passage epipha- nius is discussing 1 Cor 7,36, but uses u`pe,rakmoj and the cognate verb in an independent way. epiphanius argues that 7,36 is not speaking about those who vowed virginity (parqeni,a) to God. rather, Paul is speaking about parqe,nwn u`pera,kmwn, i.e., past puberty, who remained parqe,nwn in avkmh/|, i.e., at puberty, not for the sake of parqeni,a but be- cause of the difficulty of finding husbands 55. this difficulty arose be- cause fathers at that time were ordered to give their daughters in mar- riage to Christians, and there were few Christians. So fathers kept their parqe,noi for a long time 56. the daughters u`perakma,zousai, i.e., being past puberty, would fall into sexual misconduct from the necessity of nature 57. Seeing the harm that resulted from this practice, Paul permitted marriage to non-Christians. epiphanius clearly sees 1 Cor 7,36 as referring to fathers and daughters 58. epiphanius does use u`perakma,zousai in the context of discussing sexual passion, but like the Suetonius quotation discussed above, epiphanius seems to use this word to indicate the time when sexual misconduct occurs, not its cause. thus Winter’s analysis of the vocabulary of 1 Cor 7,36-37 does not make it likely that these verses refer to the problem created by a man's sexual passion toward his fiancée; the frequent use of parqe,noj to refer to daughters makes it more likely that these verses discuss a father’s treatment of his daughter. on this interpretation, the father’s shameful 54 WiNter considers and rejects this alternative meaning of u`pe,rakmoj (“Puberty or Passion?”, 74-78 [After Paul Left Corinth, 246-249]). For some reason he thinks the word would only refer to a woman's being past puberty; i see no reason why it could not also have that meaning for a man. 55 F. WilliaMS (The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III. de Fide. Second revised edition [Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 79; leiden 2013] 119) translates u`pera,kmwn “marriageable”; he translates avkmh/| “prime” (Panarion, 120). 56 epiphanius uses the verb evfu,latton; in 1 Cor 7,37 the verb is threi/n. Plutarch uses the latter verb in Parallela minora 315e: parqe,non evth,rei. 57 WilliaMS (Panarion, 120) translates u`perakma,zousai “when they were past their prime”. WiNter (“Puberty or Passion?”, 76 [After Paul Left Corinth, 248]) objects that it should be translated “who are sexually passionate”. Here and else- where Winter seems to think “past their prime” must refer to old age, but this is too limited an understanding of this language. 58 Clement of alexandria also understands 1 Cor 7,36-38 as referring to fathers and daughters (Stromata 3.12.79), as does John Chrysostom (On virginity 78).