Terrance Callan, «Partenoi in Corinth: 1 Cor 7,25-40», Vol. 97 (2016) 264-286
Interpreters differ significantly regarding the identity of the 'partenoi' discussed in 1 Cor 7,25-40. There is some uncertainty about whether they are men and women, or only women. And those who understand them as only women differ as to whether they are betrothed women, unmarried daughters, spouses in spiritual marriages, or young widows who are possible candidates for levirate marriage. I argue that the 'partenoi' are only women, and that they are unmarried daughters of Corinthian Christians. The argument is based mainly on usage of 'partenos' in literature written before, and at approximately the same time as, 1 Corinthians. In addition i offer an interpretation of 1 Cor 7,25-40, especially of vv. 36-38, that supports understanding the word as designating young, unmarried daughters.
Parq/e,noi iN CoriNtH: 1 Cor 7,25-40 279
have misunderstood this text. Both times the word is used, it occurs
in an identically worded couplet:
Ka;n h=|j evn avkmh/|( th/j selh,nhj evn fqi,sei\
:An d’ u`pe,rakmoj th/sde to. plh/rej sko,pei,
this pair of lines indicates when certain of the Praecepta Salubria
are to be followed. Someone in his/her prime (evn avkmh/)| should fol-
low them in the waning of the moon; someone past his/her prime
(u`pe,rakmoj) should look for the fullness of the moon. exactly what
is meant by being in one’s prime is not clear. it could refer to the
onset of puberty as in the Soranus text. But the couplet has nothing
to do with seeking sexual satisfaction.
3. the fourth use of u`pe,rakmoj is found in Suetonius, Peri. Blasfhmiw/n.
Winter summarizes this text as follows: “the ones who have outrun
the age of youth (evkdroma,dej) are referred to as ‘those who are
undisciplined sexually (oi` avkolastai,nontej u`pe,rakma), as those
overtaken by time and yet now behaving like youths with their
first-time beards,’ i.e. promiscuously” 52. Here the word is used
adverbially and in the context of sexual indulgence. However, it is
the word avkolastai,nontej that indicates debauched behavior;
u`pe,rakma indicates that it occurs at the wrong time, i.e., beyond
one’s prime when it would presumably have been appropriate.
the following comparison to youths with their first-time beards
suggests that one’s prime occurs at puberty.
4. as Winter observes, the cognate verb u`perakma,zw is used in a third
century B.C.e. papyrus to say that vines surpass other plants in
vigor or bloom (ta. oivna,ria u`perh,kmaken), and about the same time
in a quotation from Myron of Priene to speak of prisoners surpass-
ing in vigor or bloom the appearance of a slave (u`perakma,zoien th.n
oivketikh.n evpifa,neian) 53.
all of this makes it very unlikely that u`pe,rakmoj refers to sexual
passion. it does not refer to sexual passion in any of the uses we have
considered. only in the passage from Suetonius (3 above) does it occur
in the context of discussing sexual passion, and there, as we have seen,
52
WiNter, “Puberty or Passion?”, 74-75 (After Paul Left Corinth, 247).
53
WiNter, “Puberty or Passion?”, 74 (After Paul Left Corinth, 246-247). the
papyrus is Papiri della Società Italiana 6.666 line 18; Myron is quoted in
athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 657d.