Terrance Callan, «Partenoi in Corinth: 1 Cor 7,25-40», Vol. 97 (2016) 264-286
Interpreters differ significantly regarding the identity of the 'partenoi' discussed in 1 Cor 7,25-40. There is some uncertainty about whether they are men and women, or only women. And those who understand them as only women differ as to whether they are betrothed women, unmarried daughters, spouses in spiritual marriages, or young widows who are possible candidates for levirate marriage. I argue that the 'partenoi' are only women, and that they are unmarried daughters of Corinthian Christians. The argument is based mainly on usage of 'partenos' in literature written before, and at approximately the same time as, 1 Corinthians. In addition i offer an interpretation of 1 Cor 7,25-40, especially of vv. 36-38, that supports understanding the word as designating young, unmarried daughters.
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but it does not seem especially indicative of an understanding of
parqe,noj as meaning fiancée rather than daughter. one instance in
which the possessive pronoun is used with parqe,noj to mean daughter
is found in the epiphanius passage discussed above. epiphanius refers
to fathers who kept their parqe,noi (ta.j e`autw/n parqe,nouj) for a long
time. one might argue, however, that epiphanius’ usage has been in-
fluenced by 1 Cor 7,36-38. another use of the possessive pronoun with
parqe,noj is in euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 1267, where agamemnon
tells iphigenia that if he does not sacrifice her, the Greeks “will kill my
parqe,noi in argos” (ta.j evn :Argei parqe,nouj ktenou/si, mou), apparently
referring to his other daughters (see also line 714). Herodotus says that
among the auseans, at an annual festival of athena, their parqe,noi (ai`
parqe,noi auvtw/n) divide into two groups that fight one another (4.180);
these seem to be their young, unmarried women. Several passages in
the lXX use the possessive pronoun with parqe,noj in various ways to
identify parqe,noi as belonging to israel. For example, 2 Chr 36,17 says
that when the king of the Chaldeans conquered Judah, he did not have
mercy on their parqe,noi (ta.j parqe,nouj auvtw/n) 63. in all of these cases,
the parqe,noi are the young, unmarried women of israel. and according
to Pausanias, the Spartans say that their parqe,noi (parqe,nouj au`tw/n)
coming to a festival were violated by Messenian men (4.4.2); these are
young, unmarried women of Sparta.
Conclusion
i have argued that the topic of Paul’s discussion in 1 Cor 7,25-40 is
the young, unmarried daughters of Corinthian church members. this
arises as a particular topic when Paul discusses marriage in 1 Corinthians
7 because the Corinthians’ questions about marriage concern not only
their own marriages but also the marriages they might arrange for their
daughters. understanding vv. 25-40 as discussing betrothed women
would also explain why this arises as a particular topic; betrothal is also
a special situation not clearly addressed by a general discussion of
marriage. However, this understanding is inferior to understanding
young, unmarried daughters as the topic, both because parqe,noj more
frequently designates daughters than it does betrothed women and
because what Paul says better suits the topic of daughters 64.
63
See also Ps 77,63 (= 78,63); lam 1,4.18; 2,21; Jdt 16,4.
64
KüMMel (“Verlobung und Heirat”, 291-294) says that an objection against
understanding 1 Cor 7,36-38 as referring to betrothed couples is that the passage