Parq/e,noi iN CoriNtH: 1 Cor 7,25-40 273 a father’s having betrothed (evgguh,sh|) a parqe,noj; see also Philo, Virt. 28; Cassius dio, 58.11.5; Clement of alexandria, Stromata 2.18.82. Polybius, 5.43.1 speaks of a parqe,noj who is the affianced wife of the king (gunai/ka tw|/ basilei/ katwnomasme,nhn). lXX deut 22,23 refers to a betrothed (memnhsteume,nh) parqe,noj; so also luke 1,27; Josephus, Ap. 2.1.25 § 201 (prowmologhme,nhn). 2 Cor 11,2 speaks of betrothing (h`rmosa,mhn) a parqe,noj. lXX exod 22,15 refers to a parqe,noj who is not betrothed (avmnh,steuton); so also deut 22,28; Josephus, A.J. 4.8.23 § 252 (mh,pw kathgguhme,nhn). Josephus, A.J. 19.9.1 § 354 refers to parqe,noi promised (kaqwmolo,ghnto) by their father in marriage. in Spec. 1.107 Philo says that the high priest must marry a parqe,noj who has not only not had sexual intercourse with another, but also has not been betrothed to another man (mhdei.j a;lloj avnh.r wvnoma,sqh). these fourteen passages that speak of betrothal of a parqe,noj make it more likely that the word refers to betrothed women in 1 Cor 7,25-40 than that it refers to participants in a spiritual marriage or to widows. Still the comparative rarity of this usage makes it unlikely that this is the meaning of the word in 1 Cor 7,25-40. c) Daughters By contrast, the word parqe,noj and its cognates are very often used explicitly to designate daughters 32. i count ninety-eight passages in which this occurs. parqe,noj is used seven times more frequently to designate daughters explicitly than to designate betrothed women. other things being equal, this makes it much more likely that parqe,noj has the former meaning in 1 Cor 7,25-40. in euripides, Helen 283, Helen says that her daughter (quga,thr) is growing gray as a virgin (parqeneu,etai). More significantly, elsewhere euripides uses parqe,noj as a synonym for “daughter”. For example, The Phoenician Maidens 1429-1430 speaks of a wretched mother arriving with a parqe,noj, ap- parently her daughter, as her two sons were dying 33. use of parqe,noj as a synonym for “daughter” is most explicit in Helen 8-10 which says that Psamathe bore two children, a son (a;rshn) and a parqe,noj. Simi- larly in Iphigenia in Aulis 1164 Clytemnestra reminds agamemnon 32 Closely related cases that i include here are the case where a guardian takes the place of the father in the life of a young, unmarried woman, and the case where the woman is someone’s slave. on these, see tHiSeltoN, First Epistle to the Corinthians, 597. 33 See also The Phoenician Maidens 159; Orestes 1197, 1536; Iphigenia in Aulis 49, 714, 731, 1267, 1449.