206 Peter Spitaler the prophecy that the Lord is moving to judge (krivsi") these persons (ou|toi) in [A1], constitute the outer literary frame of the chiastic structure. The enclosed inner frame consists of a series of examples [B]: sinful conduct both on earth (v. 5, unbelieving Israelites; v .7, immorality of Sodom and Gomorrah) and in heaven (v. 6, angels who leave their domain) (20) that God subsequently punishes (v. 5, destruction; v. 6, eternal shackles; v. 7, eternal fire). The structural mirror of these second-layer, inner frame examples of negative behavior is found in a polemic against anonymous persons who presently “infiltrate” (pareisevdusan; v. 4) the community of the faithful [B1] (21). With these examples, Jude highlights both the infiltrators’ sinful conduct and the expected future consequences consistent with God’s responses to such conduct in the literary/mythological past. By beginning his polemic with three additional short examples (v. 11: the way of Cain; Balaam’s error; Korah’s rebellion) (22) of persons who were punished by God with destruction (v. 11), Jude ensures that his audience will successfully follow his rhetorical move, and apply his examples to their community situation. The application of past examples to present community experience occurs in the innermost literary frame, [C] and [C1], which verses function as a transition from the preceding examples to the polemic that follows. It is here (in [C][C1]) that Jude reveals his examples are meant to comment upon his expectations for the community’s infiltrators’ dire consequences. —————— (v. 4) to refer to the expected fate of the intruders, i.e., their future condemnation is already firmly established based on God’s past pattern in dealing with such conduct. HARRINGTON, Jude and 2 Peter, 190 translates “those who long ago were sentenced to condemnation”. (20) Jude seems to borrow from 1 Enoch in which angels leave heaven and introduce humans to sinful conduct; cf. D.J. CHARLES, “Jude’s Use of Pseudoepigraphical Source Material as Part of a Literary Strategy”, NTS 37 (1991) 135-137; HARRINGTON, Jude and 2 Peter, 196, 203-204; SCHREINER, 1, 2 Peter, Jude, 442, 448. (21) Cf. HARRINGTON, Jude and 2 Peter, 180-182, 219 for a brief discussion of varying opinions concerning the possible identities of the intruders mentioned in vv. 4, 8. Harrington suggests they may be similar in teaching and conduct to “radical Paulinists”, i.e., “spiritual” believers who Paul addresses in 1 Cor 1–4; 12–14. (22) Cf. J.H. NEYREY, 2 Peter, Jude (AB 37c; New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – Auckland 1993) 72-74) for the significance of these three examples in non-biblical literature.