Hughson T. Ong, «An Evaluation of the Aramaic Greek Language Criteria in Historical Jesus Research: a Sociolinguistic Study of Mark 14,32-65.», Vol. 25 (2012) 37-55
Did Jesus ever speak in Greek? This is the question I have sought to answer in this paper. Using M. Casey’s Aramaic and S.E. Porter’s Greek hypotheses as my starting point, I attempt to show based on sociolinguistic principles that Jesus must have been fluent and would have used Greek and Aramaic in his daily conversation with various audiences in different linguistic situations and contexts. Specifically, I show that the sociolinguistic situation in the three chronological episodes of Mark 14,32-65 necessitates a code-switch on Jesus’ part by virtue of his multilingual environment.
50 Hughson T. Ong
content but a low affective content. Both the essential information and
the specific course of action are clear; however, the response was perhaps
antagonistic (cf. Mark 12,15). By contrast, Jesus’ statement “My soul is
overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death” (Mark 14,34) may have
puzzled his disciples, but would certainly have a high affective content.
Integrating the aforesaid theories into these social scales I now turn
to evaluate our three chronological episodes in Mark 14,32-65. I follow
these two simple steps. First, the participants are evaluated by means of
the social distance or status scale, the social context or setting by the for-
mality scale, and the purpose or topic of conversation by the functional
scale. The levels of information and affective content in the functional
scale are analyzed by the theories of social identity and accommodation
as discussed above. And second, I determine the type of code-switch and
the likelihood of the language Jesus would have spoken in the various
instances where code-switching could have occurred.
4. Analysis of Mark 14:32–65
This pericope contains three chronological episodes that occurred
immediately after Jesus’ last supper with the Twelve (14,12-31). The
duration of these three episodes probably lasted for several hours before
Jesus was taken from the Sanhedrin to Pilate (15,1). In these episodes,
Jesus grieved for his upcoming betrayal by his own disciple and suffering
in the hands of the Jewish leaders. He prayed feverishly to the Father
for deliverance, endured the mockery and persecution of the people, and
acknowledged his identity as the Messiah. In each of these episodes, he
interacted with different groups and types of people, traveled from one
location to another, and had different topics of conversation with his
audiences. As a multilingual, Jesus must have switched codes in between
these various events. Let us first look at the episode at Gethsemane with
his disciples. (See Appendix 1 for a summary analysis of these episodes.)
a) Mark 14,32-42 — Jesus’ Prayer at Gethsemane
In this episode, the participants, social setting, and Jesus’ purpose/
topic of conversation with the disciples and the Father are relatively
consistent. However, we can observe from vv. 32-36 that the number of
participants in conversation with Jesus decreases from the Eleven, to the
Three, and finally to just Jesus and the Father. Similarly, Jesus inter-
acted with these three sets of audiences in three different but proximate
places, while his message to each of them proceeds from somewhat being
vague (or incomplete) to being explicit. This process appears to be twice