Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O'Donnel, «Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse.», Vol. 20 (2007) 3-14
Conjunctions have proved to be a recurring problem for Greek analysis. They are usually treated on the same level of analysis, as if they presented a single set of discrete choices. However, the use of conjunctions in Greek provides two horizontal clines of conjunctive meaning–continuity-discontinuity and logical-semantic significance–and are selected according to a vertical cline of discourse. This paper explores a basic framework for analysis of conjunctions in the light of these axes.
6 Stanley E. Porter and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
one set of features over another, and hence a systemic relationship among
the elements of the system. As discourse markers, conjunctions perform a
variety of discourse functions. These include the linking function previ-
ously noted in discussion of conjunctions. This linking function occurs
at a variety of levels of discourse, from the linking of words up to the
linking of paragraphs. These levels of linkage are endemic to what con-
stitutes discourse, and contribute in significant ways to its cohesion. That
is, conjunctions are important words that create the textual tapestry that
constitutes discourse. In the same way that conjunctions are used to unite
a discourse, or at least to link smaller units into larger units, conjunctions
are also used to indicate the boundaries of these units. These two functions
indicate the continuity–discontinuity cline that is important to the con-
junction system. Lastly, in terms of its discourse function, conjunctions
indicate how the reader is to process the discourse. Whereas conjunctions
are used to cohede and differentiate the segments of a discourse, they are
also used to guide the reading process through indicating the nature and
types of relationships between conjoined units. This suggests not only the
continuity–discontinuity cline, but a cline of logico-semantic relations,
such as comparison, conditionality, cause and purpose, among others.
(2) The second observation is that conjunctions are procedural or
functional words, and not content words11. Procedural or functional words
are words such as prepositions, particles, articles, and conjunctions that
are used in discourse to connect together and indicate the relations of the
content words, such as nouns, verbs, and pronouns. In the semantic do-
main dictionary12, conjunctions are placed in several different categories,
illustrating some confusion over the procedural vs. content dimension
of some of the conjunctions. For example, a select number of conjunc-
tions–though along with a number of other words–are placed in semantic
domain 91, discourse markers, while some other conjunctions–again
along with a number of other words–are placed in semantic domain 89,
relations. Besides the fact that it is unclear on what basis one would make
such a distinction, it appears that this reflects an attempt to differentiate
content for these procedural or functional words. This categorization also
overlooks the systemic relations among them.
As Black notes (Sentence Conjunctions, 43-70), there are a variety of ways that this
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distinction has been made: content vs. function words, lexical vs. grammatical words, and
truth-conditional vs. non-truth-conditional words. Here is not the place to debate the mer-
its of the various proposals. However, we wish to focus upon categories that are concerned
with formal and functional categories, rather than cognitive categories, so we do not ad-
dress issues of truth-conditionality.
J.P. Louw and E.A. Nida, Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on
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Semantic Domains (2 vols.; New York 1988).