Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O'Donnel, «Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse.», Vol. 20 (2007) 3-14
Conjunctions have proved to be a recurring problem for Greek analysis. They are usually treated on the same level of analysis, as if they presented a single set of discrete choices. However, the use of conjunctions in Greek provides two horizontal clines of conjunctive meaning–continuity-discontinuity and logical-semantic significance–and are selected according to a vertical cline of discourse. This paper explores a basic framework for analysis of conjunctions in the light of these axes.
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Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse
“logical-semanticsâ€28. Most conjunction in Greek takes place at the level
of continuity-discontinuity. This is consistent with the linear nature of
the Greek language, but also consistent with the highly conjoined nature
of Greek. The primary function of conjunctions as procedural words is to
connect together in meaningful ways the content words of the language.
The secondary form of conjunction is in terms of more semantically
specified logical-semantic relations.
We have found in our work with OpenText.org that the differentia-
tion between primary, secondary and embedded clauses provides a useful
clause complex level of analysis. One of the questions is how a differen-
tiation of primary and secondary clauses is made (as embedded clauses
are distinguished by an infinitive or a participle as Predicator). We have
struggled with the criteria for differentiation for some time, and this
study has led us to believe that it is likely that conjunctions are the key to
this. Traditionally grammarians have differentiated between independent
and dependent clauses, or coordinated and subordinated clauses, often on
the basis of the conjunction used–although the mood-form of the verb in
the subordinate clause also enters into consideration29. We are tentatively
suggesting that the cline of continuity–discontinuity indicates primary
clausal conjunction and the logical-semantic cline indicates secondary
clausal conjunction. The primary clauses are concerned with promoting
linear development in terms of continuing, or discontinuing (even to
the extent of negating) these associations. The logical-semantic level of
conjunction provides the repertoire of conjunctive choices for the diffe-
rentiation of secondary clauses by introducing relationships that are not
on the primary line of development, but in terms of supporting, develop-
ing or explaining the action of the primary clauses. In such instances,
categories such as comparison, conditionality, inference, causality etc.,
are appropriate. We need to do further work to test and substantiate such
an idea–especially as it runs contrary to so much enshrined grammati-
cal thought. However, observation of the list of continuity–discontinuity
conjunctions indicates that these are traditionally what are thought of
as coordinating conjunctions. The list of logical-semantic conjunctions
includes some coordinating, but mostly subordinating conjunctions.
These lists were derived on the basis of criteria other than coordination/
We do not provide a system network, but give some of the entry conditions for the
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systems within the network. Each of the systems requires realization statements in terms of
the available Greek conjunctions, and a number of restriction statements to account for the
restricted use of the various conjunctions at different levels.
See, for example, H.W. Smyth, Greek Grammar (rev. G.M. Messing; Cambridge, MA
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1984) 487; F. Blass and A. Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other
Early Christian Literature (trans. R.W. Funk; Chicago 1961) 225.