Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O'Donnel, «Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse.», Vol. 20 (2007) 3-14
Conjunctions have proved to be a recurring problem for Greek analysis. They are usually treated on the same level of analysis, as if they presented a single set of discrete choices. However, the use of conjunctions in Greek provides two horizontal clines of conjunctive meaning–continuity-discontinuity and logical-semantic significance–and are selected according to a vertical cline of discourse. This paper explores a basic framework for analysis of conjunctions in the light of these axes.
12 Stanley E. Porter and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
ὡς οὕτως ὅπου ὅθεν οὗ ὅτε ἕως Ï€Ïίν ἄχÏι οὔπω
εἰ ὅτι ἄÏα á¼Ï€ÎµÎ¯ ἵνα ὅπως ὥστε μήπω
Comparison is the least specified and most assimilative of logical-se-
mantic relations, whereas purpose and result provides the greatest degree
of motivation for action. The other types of procedural logical-semantic
relations are organized within these parameters. Thus spatial and tempo-
ral locations are seen as most closely related to comparison, as they are
indicating positions within which actions occur. Conditionality intro-
duces the circumstances under which something might occur, and then
causality and purpose indicate reasons and motivations. Comparison is
the least marked of the logical-semantic relations and purpose the most
marked, as it indicates the motivation that has prompted the action.
4. Systemic-Functional Network of Conjunctions
In a given context we must assume that a given author selected26 the
appropriate conjunction in the light of a variety of factors. A systemic-
functional network may well help us to understand how these several
factors form a network of conjunctive system-choices27. The single entry
condition of “conjunction†has two simultaneous sub-systems. One is
the level of discourse that the writer or speaker wishes to join together.
The entry condition for such a system within the network would be
differentiation of the unit to be conjoined (e.g. DISCOURSE LEVEL),
the vertical level. This may involve joining words, word groups, clauses,
clause complexes or even paragraphs together. The restricted distribu-
tion of conjunctions on the vertical axis requires that the author select a
conjunction that functions at the level that is being conjoined. The Greek
repertoire of available choices is complex even at this level, as a number
of conjunctions function at multiple levels of conjunction, while others
are more restricted in their nature. The second sub-system for choice
of conjunctions is the type of conjoining (e.g. CONJUNCTIVE TYPE)–
whether one wishes to conjoin in terms of “continuity-discontinuity†or
We use the term “selected†in the sense in which the term is used in systemic-func-
26
tional linguistics, as a means of differentiating choice within systems, not that such choice
is always or necessarily conscious.
The most sophisticated conjunction system we have found is that in M.A.K. Halliday
27
and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen, An Introduction to Functional Grammar (London 32004) 541.
However, this is a relatively simple system compared to ours, with a single input condition,
“conjunctedâ€, that does not take the level of discourse into account.