Parq/e,noi iN CoriNtH: 1 Cor 7,25-40 271 parqe,noj has not known man. For example, lXX Gen 24,16 says about rebekah that she was a parqe,noj; no man had known her 20. their ab- stinence from sexual intercourse underlies references to parqe,noi as pure and holy. For example, euripides in Iphigenia in Tauris 130 speaks of holy virgin (parqe,nion) steps 21. the presumption that parqe,noi have not had sexual intercourse is even more clearly visible in discussions of what to do when, contrary to expectation, they have had sexual in- tercourse. For example, lXX exod 22,15-16 discusses what to do in the case where a man seduces a parqe,noj; it says that he should marry her or at least give the marriage present for her 22. deut 22,13-21 discusses what to do in the case where a husband claims that he did not find parqeni,a in his wife when he married her 23. if the charge is false, the man should be fined; if true, the woman should be stoned to death. and there are numerous briefer references to instances of sexual intercourse with a parqe,noj. For example, Jdt 9,2 recalls the rape of dinah when strangers loosed the womb of a parqe,noj to defile her 24. Plutarch mentions several instances of sexual intercourse with a Vestal virgin. an example is found in Numa 10 where Plutarch 20 See also lXX Judg 21,12; euripides, Hippolytus 1003-1006; Electra 43- 44; Philo, Post. 132, 134; Spec. 1.107; see also the statement of the parqe,noj Mary to the angel in luke 1,34 and Justin Martyr, Apology 33.4. Mary is called parqe,noj twice in luke 1,27, and Matt 1,23 quotes isa 7,14 (which uses the word) as fulfilled by her pregnancy. in other early Christian literature, parqe,noj and its cognates are often used similarly in reference to Mary, including the citation of isa 7,14: two of the three uses in the letters of ignatius of antioch; 49 of the 53 uses in Justin Martyr; eight of the ten uses in the Greek fragments of irenaeus. 21 See also diodorus Siculus, 4.7.3; 16.26.6; dionysius of Halicarnassus, 2.66.2; Philo, Cher. 50; Migr. 31; Congr. 124; Fug. 50, 114; Somn. 2.185; Jos. 43; Spec. 1.101, 107; 2.30, 56; Virt. 43, 57; Praem. 159; Contempl. 65, 68; Plutarch, Numa 9.5; Alexander 21.5; De Pythiae oraculis 405C; dio Chrysostom, 32.56; Pausanias, 10.19.2; Clement of alexandria, Paedagogus 1.6.42; Stromata 3.7.60; 5.3.17. 22 See also deut 22,23.28; Philo, Spec. 3.65, 74; Josephus, A.J. 4.8.23 § 251-252. 23 See also Philo, Spec. 3.80-81; Josephus, A.J. 4.8.23 § 246-248. 24 See also euripides, Ion 1523-1524; diodorus Siculus, 3.59.1; dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ars rhetorica 9.11; Strabo, 6.1.6; 8.4.9; Josephus, A.J. 17.11.2 § 309; Ap. 2.1.25 § 201; Plutarch, Solon 23.2; Timoleon 13.10; Cicero 10.3; Ar- taxerxes 23.4; Mulierum virtutes 251a-C; Aetia Romana et Graeca 301d; Paral- lela minora 310C; De curiositate 518a; Quaestiones convivales 712C; Pausanias, 2.20.2; 4.4.2 (twice); 4.16.10; 6.6.7; 8.13.5; 9.13.5; Cassius dio, 58.11.5. ezek 23,3 and 23,8 refer to sexual intercourse with a parqe,noj using the term diaparqeneu,w; so also Plutarch, Romulus 4.3; Apophthegmata Laconica 242C; Sir 20,4 uses avpoparqeno,w. Sir 42,10 and 4 Macc 18,8 speak of defiling parqeni,a.