24 NADAV NA’AMAN Since the building of the Millo was assigned to Solomon (1 Kgs 9,15.24; 11,29), David’s fortification work was held “from the Millo inwards”. The author of 2 Sam 5,9 deliberately emphasizes that David fortified the city up to the Millo, whereas the fortifica- tion of the latter was attributed to his heir. The “City of David” referred to in 2 Sam 5,7.9 overlaps the area of the conquered Stronghold of Zion, and in this limited scope it ap- pears in the cycle stories of David and Solomon and the burial of the Judahite kings prior to Hezekiah 8. However, according to other bib- lical sources, the City of David encompasses a much larger area. Thus, according to Isa 22,9-11a, the “breaches/fissures (beqī‛īm) of the City of David” 9 were repaired by the gathering of the waters of the Lower Pool, the fortification of the city wall, and the making of a reservoir between the two walls. All scholars agree that the Lower Pool and the reservoir between the two walls were located at the southernmost end of the city 10. Also, “the steps which go down from the City of David” (Neh 3,15; 12,37) are located at the southern edge of the city. It is thus evident that the toponym ‘City of David’ desig- nated both the entire area of the Southeastern Hill and a limited part of it. The difference in scope is the result of the gradual growth of the city. Thus, a term that initially referred to the summit of the mound near the Stepped Stone Structure had extended southward and, in the late First Temple period, covered the Southeastern Hill up to its southernmost border. The ambiguity in connotation of the name must 8 N. NA’AMAN, “Death Formulae and the Burial Place of the Kings of the House of David”, Bib 85 (2004) 245-254. 9 The term “breaches/fissures” refers to various kinds of rifts, both in city walls and in water installations, and not only to breaches within walls, which in Biblical Hebrew is called bedeq. Hence, the reference to breaches in v. 9a introduces the three repairment works mentioned in vv. 9b-11a. For discus- sion of the terminology in vv. 8-11 see J.A. EMERTON, “Notes on the Text and Translation of Isaiah XXII 8-11 and LXV 5”, VT 30 (1980) 437-446, with earlier literature. However, his translation “pools of” for beqī‛ē rests on the de- velopment in meaning of the noun in Late Biblical Hebrew and does not fit the context of the prophecy. 10 See for example: J. SIMONS, Jerusalem in the Old Testament (Leiden 1952) 106-107, 127-128, 191-192; L.H. VINCENT, Jérusalem de l’Ancien Testament. Recherches d’archéologie et d’histoire (Paris 1954-1956) I, 291- 295; A. MAZAR, “Jerusalem’s Water Supply in the First Temple Period”, The History of Jerusalem in the First Temple Period (eds. S. AHITUV – A. MAZAR) (Jerusalem 2000) 224-228 (Hebrew).