Nadav Na’aman, «Biblical and Historical Jerusalem in the Tenth and Fifth-Fourth Centuries BCE», Vol. 93 (2012) 21-42
The article examines the accounts of construction works carried out in Jerusalem in the tenth and fifth-fourth centuries BCE and emphasizes the importance of local oral traditions, the role of biblical texts, and archaeological evidence. It demonstrates that the residence built by David played an important role throughout the First Temple period. The Millo is identified with the Stepped Stone Structure. Solomon possibly founded a modest shrine on the Temple Mount, which later became the main sanctuary of the kingdom. The Ophel was the earlier quarter settled and fortified in Jerusalem after the Babylonian destruction of 587/586.
30 NADAV NA’AMAN
stated in the text of 2 Chr 32,5, which relates that in the course of
his preparations for the impending Assyrian attack, Hezekiah
“strengthened the Millo in the City of Davidâ€. Hence, the Millo’s
identification with the Stepped Stone Structure rests on solid
ground. Its construction required a lot of menial work, including
the carrying of earth and stones, the filling of the steep slope with
earth and the covering of its surface by stones. The hard work in-
volved with the construction fits the biblical account of the “corvée
(sÄ“bel) of the House of Josephâ€, mobilized to perform hard work
and suffering to the extent of being pushed to rebellion (1 Kgs
11,27-28.40). After the work on the structure was completed, it ef-
fectively defended the northeastern side of the City of David, where
the early royal residence was built.
It is thus clear that the authors of the histories of David and
Solomon depicted a clear and coherent picture. First, David fortified
the area located around the conquered Stronghold of Zion, except for
a break left in its northeastern side. Next, Solomon surrounded the
Temple Mount by a wall and built the temple and palace. Finally,
Solomon constructed the Millo as massive support for the royal
residence located just above it, thereby closing the northeastern
breach in the fortification. The gap in space between the two quarters
is tacitly ignored in the histories of David and Solomon.
III. Discussion
The details of David’s and Solomon’s building operations in
Jerusalem reflect what the late authors observed at the time of writ-
ing. They presented the Temple Mount and the City of David (in its
limited scope) as two enclosed quarters, each surrounded by a sep-
arate set of fortification. The short account of the building of a royal
residence on the summit of the Southeastern Hill is thematically
connected to two other accounts: the fortification of the City of
David and the construction of the Millo. The author of the David
story cycle was aware of the location of David’s residence and de-
scribed the quarter around it as the focus of the king’s building op-
erations. Detailed descriptions of the construction operations on the
Temple Mount appear in the history of Solomon and reflect the re-
ality of the time of the late author. Significantly, the histories of