Nadav Na’aman, «Biblical and Historical Jerusalem in the Tenth and Fifth-Fourth Centuries BCE», Vol. 93 (2012) 21-42
The article examines the accounts of construction works carried out in Jerusalem in the tenth and fifth-fourth centuries BCE and emphasizes the importance of local oral traditions, the role of biblical texts, and archaeological evidence. It demonstrates that the residence built by David played an important role throughout the First Temple period. The Millo is identified with the Stepped Stone Structure. Solomon possibly founded a modest shrine on the Temple Mount, which later became the main sanctuary of the kingdom. The Ophel was the earlier quarter settled and fortified in Jerusalem after the Babylonian destruction of 587/586.
26 NADAV NA’AMAN
According to Neh 3,25, Palal, son of Uzai, repaired the wall
from a point “opposite the buttress and the tower which projects
from the Upper King’s House which was part of the Court of the
Guardâ€. Note that the rebuilding project did not yet reach the Water
Gate that led to the Gihon Spring (v. 26). The projecting tower men-
tioned in v. 25 must have been a very prominent edifice, as it ap-
pears in three consecutive sections of the repaired wall ― all of
them built “opposite†it (minneged/‛ad neged) (vv. 25-27).
The Court of Guard that is located in the king’s house is men-
tioned once again in Jer 32,2b: “And Jeremiah the prophet was shut
up in the Court of the Guard which was in the king of Judah’s
houseâ€. The court is frequently mentioned in the story cycle of Jer-
emiah (Jer 32,8.12; 33,1; 37,21; 38,6.13.28; 39,14.15) 13.
Where was the king’s house and the Court of the Guard mentioned
in Jer 32,2 and Neh 3,25? To date, scholars have identified them
within the royal palace located at the Temple Mount, but they could
not fit this location into the description of Nehemiah’s building proj-
ect. According to the latter account, the “Upper King’s House†was lo-
cated south of the gate that led to the Spring of Gihon. In this light, I
suggest identifying it with the residence that David constructed ac-
cording to 2 Sam 5,9, which is also mentioned along the route of Ne-
hemiah’s thanksgiving procession (Neh 12,37). The residence should
be sought in the crest of the City of David, near the Large Stone Struc-
ture unearthed by Eilat Mazar. Unlike the king’s palace on the Tem-
ple Mount, which was relatively isolated, the residence built in the
City of David was situated within a densely inhabited quarter of the
city and accessible to people living in its vicinity.
The location of the royal residence above the Stepped Stone
Structure also explains the enigmatic text of 2 Kgs 12,21. The ser-
vants of Jehoash, King of Judah, conspired and killed him “in the
House of Millo, which goes down to Sillaâ€14. Millo is the biblical
Seasons (Qedem 19; Jerusalem 1984) 29; H.G.M. WILLIAMSON, “Nehemiah’s
Walls Revisitedâ€, PEQ 116 (1977) 82; idem, Ezra, Nehemiah (WBC 16;
Waco, TX 1985) 200, 208; J. BLENKINSOPP, Ezra-Nehemiah. A Commentary
(OTL; London 1989) 231-232, 237; H. ESHEL, “Jerusalem under Persian
Rule: The City’s Layout and the Historic Backgroundâ€, History of
Jerusalem, 339 (Hebrew).
13
For the Court of the Guard, see H. MADL, “nÄtar, mat. Ärââ€, TDOT 9,
.t
.
402-404, with earlier literature; G.A. HERION, “Guard, Court of theâ€, ABD 2
(New York 1992) 1099a.
14
For the toponym Silla, see O. THENIUS, Die Bücher der Könige erklärt