James Swetnam, «o( a)po/stoloj in Hebrews 3,1», Vol. 89 (2008) 252-262
The word a)po/stoloj in Heb 3,1 is seen as a reference to the risen Jesus in Heb 2,12 who has been “sent” by God to reveal God’s name as Moses was “sent” to
reveal God’s name. Since Heb 2,12 is an allusion to the Christian tôdâ known as the Eucharist, the parallel with the word a)rxiereu/j is appropriate. The risen Christ is the son who reveals his father to those who have faith-trust as Jesus had faithtrust in the face of death. This revelation of a piece with a central theological theme of the New Testament, and is an invitation to enter liturgically into the death of Jesus so as to enter into his relation of son with his father.
254 James Swetnam
God to his brothers. If ajpovstolo" in Heb 3,1 is viewed as suggesting that
Jesus, like Moses, has been “sent†by God to announce his name to his
brothers, the word makes plausible sense (11). The noun form ajpovstolo" is
used instead of the verb form ajpostevllw in order to provide a morphological
parallel with ajrciereuv".
The analysis above gives a plausible interpretation of ajpovstolo"
involving factors #1 and #4 (12). There remain factors #2 and #3. This
relevance of the Exodus texts involving Moses to explain ajpovstolo" is
heightened by the commonly-evoked text at Num 12,7 to explain the allusion
to pistov", the first word of 3,2 (13). For in Num 12,7 Moses is presented as
God’s qeravpwn (“servantâ€) who is pistov" (“faithfulâ€) ejn o{lw/ tw/' oi[kw/ mou (“in
the whole of my houseâ€). The coincidences between Num 12,7 and Heb 3,5
are too numerous to be attributed to chance. In 3,5 Moses is the faithful
servant in the entirety of God’s house (… Mwush'" …pisto" en olw/ tw'/ oikw/ w~J
;j{ [
qeravpwn …), just as Christ is faithful as son over God’s house (3,6). In
Numbers the text has as its purpose the reaffirmation of Moses’ privileged
position with regard to God (Num 12,4-10); in Hebrews this fidelity of Moses
is used as the basis for the comparison with the fidelity of Jesus as son (14).
Thus factor #3 is accounted for in a way which is plausible in relation to the
interpretation given above involving factors #1 and #4. Jesus, like Moses, has
been sent by God to announce his name, and in this mission he should enjoy
the trust of his brothers (Heb 2,12) for he is faithful as son just as Moses was
faithful as servant.
Thus factors #1, #3 and #4 are accounted for. But there remains the
standard challenge of seeing how ajpovstolo" can be considered to sufficiently
parallel to ajrciereuv" to warrant a pairing involving the use of a common
article. In this regard the Old Testament context of Ps 22,22, the source of the
citation in 2,12, is of interest.
jApaggelw' to; o[nomav sou toi'" ajdelfoi'" mou, ejn mevsw/ ejkklhsiva"
uJmnhvsw se.
I shall announce your name to my brothers, In the midst of the
assembly I shall hymn your praises.
(11) This linkage between Moses and ajpovstolo" in Hebrews is has already been
suggested, of course. Cf. O. MICHEL, Der Brief an die Hebräer (KKNT 13; Göttingen
1966) 172. For the Exodus text involving both “sending†and “name†cf. Ex 3,15-16: ... oJ
12
qeo;" ... ajpevstalkevn me pro;" uJma'":tou'tov mouv ejstin o[noma ... (text after WEVERS, Exodus, 85).
(12) It bears repetition that no “proof†is being attempted in this analysis. The most
which can be hoped for in exegesis of literary texts, including the Bible, is an interpretation
which is plausible. Catholic faith is not based on literary proof, it is based on gift, and
involves precisely the certitude of faith, not the certitude of reason.
(13) oujc ou{tw" oJ qeravpwn mou Mwush'": ejn o{lw/ tw/' oi[kw/ mou pistov" ejstin (Num 12,7
after J.W. WEVERS [ed.], Numeri [Septuaginta, III.1; Göttingen 1982] 171-172). Cf. H.W.
ATTRIDGE, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia; Philadelphia, PA 1989) 108-109. The
use of oJ qeravpwn and oiko", when viewed in the context of their use with regard to Moses in
\
3,5, strengthens the interpretation being advanced in this note. The inference that the
Christians are undergoing an exodus that is parallel to the exodus of the generation of
Israelites under Moses squares with the allusions to both exoduses in Heb 2,1-4 where at 2,1
there is the evocation of the giving of the Law with reference to the first exodus and at 2,4
there is mention of the signs and wonders and various acts of power with reference to the
second exodus.
(14) This fidelity of Jesus as son has been established in 2,13a-18 (cf. 2,17).