James Swetnam, «o( a)po/stoloj in Hebrews 3,1», Vol. 89 (2008) 252-262
The word a)po/stoloj in Heb 3,1 is seen as a reference to the risen Jesus in Heb 2,12 who has been “sent” by God to reveal God’s name as Moses was “sent” to
reveal God’s name. Since Heb 2,12 is an allusion to the Christian tôdâ known as the Eucharist, the parallel with the word a)rxiereu/j is appropriate. The risen Christ is the son who reveals his father to those who have faith-trust as Jesus had faithtrust in the face of death. This revelation of a piece with a central theological theme of the New Testament, and is an invitation to enter liturgically into the death of Jesus so as to enter into his relation of son with his father.
258 James Swetnam
of “confessing†(oJmologevw) God’s name (28) is to recognize his saving
intervention (29).
Thus Heb 13,15 supports the interpretation of Heb 2,12 as referring to a
Christian interpretation of God’s name. The question now becomes, what is
the Christian name of God?
4. The Christian Name of God: Father
In the context of Heb 2,12 there is a text which indicates what Christian
name for God the author of Hebrews has in mind: Heb 1,5:
Tivni ga;r ei\pevn pote tw'n ajggevlwn,
UiJov" mou ei\ suv,
ejgw shvmeron genevnnhkav se•
Kai; pavlin,
jEgw; e[somai aujtw/' eij" patevra,
kai; aujto;" e[stai moi eij" uiJovn•
The purpose of the verse is to introduce the section 1,5-14 by indicating
the “name†(o[noma) which the son of the prologue has inherited (30). The name
is “son†(uiJov"), as the artful emphasis of the positioning of the word at the
beginning of v. 5a and at the end of v. 5b indicates. The two parts of the verse
are constituted by a citation from Ps 2,7 and a citation from 2 Sam 7,14. The
exegetical technique being used is the gezera shawa, i.e., what is affirmed in
Ps 2,7 is applicable to 2 Sam 7,14, and vice versa (31). As presented in Hebrews
the point of the gezera shawa is that at the resurrection/enthronement the son
of the prologue becomes the son who is the messiah of the Davidic line, and
the messiah of the Davidic line becomes the son of the prologue. That is to
(28) Cf. ELLINGWORTH, Hebrews, 721.
(29) “ JOmologei'n steht hier dem biblischen ejxomologei'sqai entsprechend im Sinne des
Lobpreises Gottes als Antwort auf erfahrene Güte und Barmherzigkeit Gottes†(WEIß, Der
Brief an die Hebräer , 240). Weiß goes on to link the oJmologei'n of 13,15 with the oJmologiva
of Heb 3,1; 1,14; and 10,23, which seems obvious enough. But he so doing he asserts that
the equally obvious “cultic-liturgical dimension†(“kultisch-liturgische Dimensionâ€) of
omologia in Hebrews does not apply to oJmologei'n in Heb 13,15, even though he admits that
J v
the use of oJmologei'n in 13,15 is Christologically based and Christologically transmitted.
(“Das christologisch akzentuierte Gemeindebekenntnis ist hier — in V. 15 — nicht im
Blick, sondern — unter Aufnahme des genannten biblischen Motivzusammenhangs — der
Lobpresis Gottes durch genannten biblischen Motivzusammenhangs — der Lobpresis
gottes durch die christliche Gemeinde, der nun freilich im Heb im Unterschied zur
entrsprechenden biblischen-jüdischen Tradition christologisch begründet und vermittelt ist:
Di jaujtou' [oun] ajnafevrwmen†(WEIß, Der Brief an die Hebräer , 240). Weiß even strengthens
\
the case against himself by noting the chiastic structuring of the verbs in 13,15 and 13,16
(WEIß, Der Brief an die Hebräer , 240, n. 128). The reason for these exegetical evasions is,
of course, to safeguard the “spiritualized†nature of the qusiva aijnevsew" of Heb 13,15. But
the effect is just the opposite.
(30) Cf. J. SWETNAM, “Hebrews 1,5-14: A New Lookâ€, Melita Theologica 51 (2000)
56-59.
(31) “Verbal analogy from one verse to another: where the same words are applied to
two separate cases, it follows that the same considerations apply to both†(H.W. BATEMAN
IV, Early Jewish Hermeneutics and Hebrews 1:5-13. The Impact of Early Jewish Exegesis
on the Interpretation of a Significant New Testament Passage (American University
Studies. Series VII. Theology and Religion 193; New York 1997) 220.