James Swetnam, «o( a)po/stoloj in Hebrews 3,1», Vol. 89 (2008) 252-262
The word a)po/stoloj in Heb 3,1 is seen as a reference to the risen Jesus in Heb 2,12 who has been “sent” by God to reveal God’s name as Moses was “sent” to
reveal God’s name. Since Heb 2,12 is an allusion to the Christian tôdâ known as the Eucharist, the parallel with the word a)rxiereu/j is appropriate. The risen Christ is the son who reveals his father to those who have faith-trust as Jesus had faithtrust in the face of death. This revelation of a piece with a central theological theme of the New Testament, and is an invitation to enter liturgically into the death of Jesus so as to enter into his relation of son with his father.
260 James Swetnam
Jesus’ revelation of God as father. But some summary indications may be
suggested.
In Matthew the classic text is 11,27-30. Properly understood, this text is
not something foreign to the rest of Matthew’s gospel, but something of a
piece with it by reason of its place in the revelation made in the son (37).
Further, 11,27-30 is crucial as a link with the development of the theme of
divine sonship as presented in the baptism of Jesus, the confession of Peter,
the transfiguration, and Jesus’ solemn oath in answer to the high priest (38).
Paul’s message in Romans stresses the result of Christ’s redemptive work
as the gift of the spirit in which God is addressed as father. Christ is the center
of Paul’s gospel, for he enables the spirit’s presence in whom fear and
servitude are replaced by confidence and intimacy. God becomes truly father
of all mankind in the son (39).
In John’s gospel talk of the son’s relation to the father is frequent (1,18;
3,35; 5,19; 10,14; 14,9-10; 17,21; etc.). All men are called to share in this
privileged and unique relationship. This call is built on the revelatory link
between father and son and through the spirit who continues the mission of the
son by accompanying and validating the mission of the son’s disciples(40).
All of these suggestions about Jesus’ revealing the distinctively Christian
name of God, “fatherâ€, however valid they may be in their individual contexts,
lack a plausible explanation as to the unity of their perceived mutual
relevance. One is entitled to ask what the common point of reference was. Wie
ist es eigentlich geschehen? How did these Christians come to know and,
more importantly, come to live, the revelation of the father by Jesus if this
revelation really occupied a central position — possibly the central position
— in the way they thought of God? How were the traditions which underlie
the written versions of Matthew’s Gospel, of John’s Gospel, and of Paul
known and assimilated before Matthew, John and Paul wrote?
Here Hebrews can be of significant help. For the thesis of this note on the
meaning and significance of ajpovstolo" in Heb 3,1 has led to the positing of an
essential relation in Hebrews of Jesus with his role of heavenly high priest who
officiates at the Christian tôdâ. That is to say, the way the first Christians who
constituted the addressees of the epistle thought of the revelation of the name
“father†in the context of the Eucharist. And it was in the Eucharist that they
attempted to appropriate this knowledge by re-enacting in their cult the central
act of their faith: the death and resurrection of Jesus. They appropriated this
central act by their faith-trust in Jesus in imitation of his faith-trust. This was
(37) “The Gospel of Matthew as a whole is simply a commentary on the crucially
important passage 11:27-30. The Father has revealed his secrets to the Son. The Son in turn
reveals them to his disciples. He thus invites men to come and learn from him, and if they
do, they will find rest for their souls. The Son is the World’s teacher and savior†(E. BLAIR,
Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew [New York 1960] 108). Cited by Farkasfalvy (“Jesus
Reveals the Fatherâ€, 242).
(38) FARKASFALVY, “Jesus Reveals the Fatherâ€, 244.
(39) FARKASFALVY, “Jesus Reveals the Fatherâ€, 246-249. In the context of the present
note it is worth remarking how often in key places in Paul the word qeov" is specified by the
word pathvr in texts which mention the son (Rom 1,7; 1 Cor 1,3; 2 Cor 1,2; Gal 1,1; Eph 1,2;
Phil, 1,2; Col 1,2-3; 1 Thes 1,1; 2 Thes 1,2; 1 Tim 1,2; 2 Tim 1,2; Tit 1,4; Phil, 1,3). This is a
standardized Pauline formula chosen because of its signature importance.
(40) FARKASFALVY, “Jesus Reveals the Fatherâ€, 250-251.