James Swetnam, «o( a)po/stoloj in Hebrews 3,1», Vol. 89 (2008) 252-262
The word a)po/stoloj in Heb 3,1 is seen as a reference to the risen Jesus in Heb 2,12 who has been “sent” by God to reveal God’s name as Moses was “sent” to
reveal God’s name. Since Heb 2,12 is an allusion to the Christian tôdâ known as the Eucharist, the parallel with the word a)rxiereu/j is appropriate. The risen Christ is the son who reveals his father to those who have faith-trust as Jesus had faithtrust in the face of death. This revelation of a piece with a central theological theme of the New Testament, and is an invitation to enter liturgically into the death of Jesus so as to enter into his relation of son with his father.
oJ ajjpovstolo" in Hebrews 3,1 259
say, the earthly son of the Davidic line, i.e., Jesus (cf. Heb 2,9) “becomes†the
son of the prologue (32). This is the “name†which the “son†of the prologue
has, paradoxically, “inheritedâ€: the name of “son†who is the eternal son as
risen/exalted (33).
The above interpretation is much contested, of course. But every
interpretation of this difficult material is much contested. It is sufficient for the
purpose of the present note that what is given above is plausible in the context
of the Christian tradition in which this note is written. The “son†who is the
imprint of God’s inner being inherits the name of the one who as enthroned at
the resurrection is the Messiah, i.e., the definitive “son†of the royal line of
David. But the act of inheriting involves the eternal son’s (34) going through
the earthly process of death and resurrection/enthronement. And in so doing
the eternal son “inherited†the Christian meaning of “sonâ€, i.e., the eternal son
as dead and risen/enthroned. The matter is never presented in Hebrews using
he term “Christianâ€, but in the context of what has preceded in this note, the
use of the term “Christian†to define the son’s name which he has “inheritedâ€
is quite defensible.
The way is now open to assessing the Christian name for God alluded to
in Heb 2,12. It is, of course, the co-relative of “sonâ€, i.e., “fatherâ€. And it is
stated as such at Heb 1,5b (35). God “becomes†the Christian father at the
moment when the eternal son “becomes†the Christian son (Heb 1,5a).
All of this would be of no little interest in itself. But when placed in the
context of the entire New Testament this interpretation of the “name†of God
in Heb 2,12 assumes enhanced plausibility. For a case can be made that the
center of New Testament theology is Jesus’ revelation of God as father (36).
It would be well beyond the scope of the present note to rehearse in detail
the arguments given for considering the center of New Testament theology as
(32) Cf. SWETNAM, “Hebrews 1,5-14â€, 56-57, especially 56, n. 21.
(33) “Was Christus als Gottes Ebenbild besitzt und bezeugt, wird durch sein
Erdendasein bewährt und bestätigt, durch seine Erhöhung dagegen vollendet und
verwirklicht†(MICHEL, Der Brief an die Hebräer, 106, n. 1. “Eigenartig ist die Verbindung:
‘einen Namen ererben’. Es ist allein Gottes Wille, Gottes Gnade, die dem Sohn diese
Stellung zuweist (‘Erbe’), die ihn über alle Mächte erhebt. Es geht hier im Hebr um den
Sohnesbegriff, der nach 12 Jesus Christus immer zusteht (57f.!), der aber in 14 im Vollsinn
dem Erhöhten zugesprochen wird …†(MICHEL, Der Brief an die Hebräer, 105).
(34) “ … le participle present w[n [Heb 1,3], succédant aux aoristes e[qhken et e[poivhsen,
ne marque pas seulement, comme ceux-ci, un acte, mais une relation permanente, éternelle,
et exclut par suite l’idée d’une filiation adoptive du Christ par rapport à Dieu (C. SPICQ,
L’épître aux Hébreux. II. Commentaire [EB; Paris 1953] 9). This is not to say that Hebrews
is using the language of Nicaea I. But Hebrews is using language which can be interpreted
as being fully compatible with Nicaea I.
(35) “In the light of 1:5 one might suppose that God’s ‘name’ was ‘Father,’ but God’s
fatherhood is assumed, not discussed, in Hebrews†(ELLINGWORTH, Hebrews, 168, with
reference to God’s “name†in Heb 2,12). Exactly so. In Hebrews the father is known in and
through the son who is the one who speaks (Heb 1,2). The father reveals himself in what the
son “says†(lalevw), i.e., reveals in his speech. The name of “father†is held in suspense in
Heb 1,1 where he is first introduced. The “son†is presented in such a way that his being
mirrors the inner being of God (Heb 1,3) and thus his being serves as an understandable
basis for his revelation of who God is. It is the son’s function to “reveal†this Christian name
of God (qeov") by his “speaking†(lalevw). This is the setting for Heb 2,12.
(36) Cf. D. FARKASFALKVY, “Jesus Reveals the Father: The Center of New Testament
Theologyâ€, Communio 26 (1999) 235-257.