Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
“Firstâ€, “Onlyâ€, “One of a Fewâ€, and “No One Else†79
observe that most of them give only “glory†to God (Rom 11,36;
16,27; Gal 1,5; Eph 3,21; 2 Tim 4,18; Heb 13,21); several give “gloryâ€
and “dominion†(1 Tim 6,16; 1 Pet 4,11; Rev 1,6); still others declare
“glory†and “honor†(1 Tim 1,17; Rev 4,11 and 5,13) (64). However,
other doxologies are quite expansive, ascribing to God “glory, majesty,
dominion, and authority†(Jude 25). This indicates the rhetorical
function of ascribing titles and epithets to God, namely “honorâ€, the
aim of epideictic rhetoric. We have here, then, an excellent native
sense of what anthropologists call “honorâ€.
(6) eij" tou;" aijw'na" tw'n aijwvnwn. In his article on the doxology in
synagogue and early church, Eric Werner seems embarrassed that this
form contains only two elements, (1) proclamation of God’s praise, (2)
coupled with an affirmation of His infinity in time (emphasis his) (65).
It is easily observable that New Testament doxologies contain
such affirmations of God’s infinity, although in a wide variety of
expressions: (1) the simple formula: eij" tou;" aijw'na" (Rom 11,36;
16,27); (2) a more elaborate statement, such as we see in 1 Tim 1,17:
eij" tou;" aijw'na" tw'n aijwvnwn (Gal 1,5; Phil 4,20; 2 Tim 4,18; 1 Pet
4,11); and (3) a very elaborate form: pro; panto;" tou' aijw'no" kai; nu'n
kai; eij" pavnta" tou;" aijw'na" (Jude 25). This represents a Judean mode
of expression, although there are Greco-Roman parallels. Some
Greco-Roman deities were acclaimed as “beginning of all and end of
all†(Orphic Hymns 4.2; 15.7); others were said to have no beginning
(10.10) and no end (10.8) (66). Still others were declared incorruptible
(afqarto") or deathless (ajqavnato"). And as was noted in the topos for
[
true deities, they are “without beginning and without end†(67). The
(64) In Rom 2,7.10 dovxa and timhv are used synonymously, similarly dovxa and
e[paino" in Phil 1,11 and 1 Pet 1,7. Marshall (The Pastoral Epistles, 405-406)
considers dovxa and timhv as synonyms, but claims that they “go back to the LXX
translation of the Hebrew kabodâ€, which seems excessively narrow in the light of
Greek rhetoric of praise.
(65) WERNER, “Doxology in Synagogue and Churchâ€, 275-351.
(66) About “fate†Philo says: “Fate (eiJmarmevnh) has no beginning (a[narco") or
end (ajteleuvthto")†(Aet. 75); see Cicero, Nature of the Gods 1.24.68. Tertullian
reflects traditional god-talk when he speaks of God’s eternity: “I give that defini-
tion (of God) which all men’s common sense will accept, that God is supremely
great, firmly established in eternity, unbegotten, uncreated, without beginning and
without end (sine initio, sine fine)†(Adv. Marc. 1.3); finally Theophilus say that
the deity is “without beginning (a[narco") because He is unbegotten (ajgevnnhto");
and he is unchangeable, because he is immortal†(ad Autol. 1.4).
(67) NEYREY, “ ‘Without Beginning of Days or End of Life’ â€, 440-447,
esp. 444.