Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
“Firstâ€, “Onlyâ€, “One of a Fewâ€, and “No One Else†83
the deity (81), we now add ajprovsito". These predicates indicate
uniqueness in very different ways: (1) a[fqarto" maximizes the
essential superiority of god over mortals: god is un-originated
(ajgevnhton), impassible (a[peiron), unchanging (ajnalloivwton), and
without end (ajteleuvthton). (2) But predicates such as ajovrato" and
ajprovsito" have to do with god’s unknowability, indicating that the
most noble faculty of humans cannot approach, much less
comprehend the deity. If mortals cannot obtain access to god, much
less can they see or know god.
(7) ÔOn ei[den oujdei;" ajnqrwvpwn. This last amplification of God’s
praise reflects the negative predication of God as invisible or beyond
mortal sight (82). Thus God’s “inaccessibility†(ajprovsito") and
“invisibility†(ajovrato", 1 Tim 1,17; 6,16) speak to the superiority of
God to humans, especially in terms of mortals’ greatest power. The
rhetorical way of expressing this superiority is familiar to us in the
formula “no one (oujdei;") has ever ...â€. This expression praises
someone because he alone achieved something, and “no one else†has
or can. Thus in theory and in practice the formula “no one ...†claims
praise and honor for some unique quality or achievement. The
doxology in 6,16 employs the same rhetorical formula to underscore
God is the uniquely superior to mortals, for not only is God
inaccessible (ajprovsito"), but in fact, “no one†can see God. God,
then, is unique because God is completely other.
In conclusion, we have observed the traditional doxological form
in 1,17 and 6,15-16. Although we have researched the background of
names, titles and predicates ascribed to God as have commentators,
our investigation did not merely present parallels, but tried to assess
their meanings in terms of the rhetorical principle of uniqueness. This
focus, then, highlights fresh aspects of the terminology in the
doxology. First, we find two of the rhetorical tags for uniqueness in
evidence: the term “only†or “alone†(movno") qualifying God and his
attributes, and “no one†(oujdeiv") who is able to see the invisible God.
Since the doxologies are monotheistic, it is not surprising that other
tags of uniqueness are absent. For, if God is the “only†deity, then it
makes no sense to claim that God is “first†or “most†(in comparison
with other gods) or “one of a fewâ€. In addition to the rhetoric of
(81) See H.A. WOLFSON, “The Knowability and Describability of God in Plato
and Aristotleâ€, HSCP (1947) 233-247.
(82) See YOUNG, “God of the Greeksâ€, 50-54.