Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
84 Jerome H. Neyrey
uniqueness, we gave attention to the philosophers’ defense of god
which purified god-talk of anthropomorphisms. This resulted in
emphasis on god’s eternity, no beginning and no end; also, god could
only be talked about in ways which assert that god is utterly different
from mortals, hence the cascade of negative predication. But this
development likewise honors god because it sets god apart from us,
celebrates his superiority over us, and testifies to the inability of the
human mind to grasp or circumscribe him. God, then, is one of a kind,
unique, exclusive, superior, etc.
7. Conclusions, and Further Questions
Our survey of the principle of uniqueness surfaced many forms of
it. First and foremost we note the formula “first, only, one of a few ...â€
celebrated in epideictic rhetoric as the ideal way to amplify praise. In
Greek hymns, the most frequent element of this formula was
“alone/onlyâ€; but we found in abundance negative predicates which
exalted a god with prefixes such as “all-†(all-powerful) and suffixes of
“-all†(“master-of-allâ€). Before documents such as 2 Maccabees,
Israelite formulae of uniqueness generally celebrate incomparability:
“there is no one like youâ€; “who is like you?†and “no one can compare
with youâ€. Finally, Greek philosophical discourse refined a language of
uniqueness characterized by negative predication, which emphatically
insisted on the incomparable distance between immortals and mortals.
Within this discovery of the principle of uniqueness, we have focused
on a conscious and consistent rhetorical tradition from Aristotle down to
Theon and Menander Rhetor about uniqueness as expressed in the
formula “first, only, one of a fewâ€, the chief amplification of praise.
In regard to 1 Timothy, we saw that most of the modes of
proclaiming uniqueness in epideictic rhetoric are used in its two
doxologies. God is the “only†(movno") Deity (1,17) and the “onlyâ€
(mono") sovereign (6,15), who “alone†(movno") has immortality (6,16),
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whom “no one†(oujdeiv") can see. In addition, God’s uniqueness is also
articulated in two other ways: (1) by the use of superlatives such as
“King of kings, Lord of lords†(6,15) which exalt God above all other
rulers and (2) by the use of negative predicates such as im-mortal, in-
visible, and un-approachable and the like. Shall we call this “one of a
kind� Although the names confessed of God are not strictly shaped
by the principle of uniqueness, the piling up of names, titles and
predicates points to the exclusive sense that God “most of all†rules
the cosmos: “God of the agesâ€, “Sovereignâ€, “Kingâ€, “Lordâ€, and