Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
“Firstâ€, “Onlyâ€, “One of a Fewâ€, and “No One Else†85
“Godâ€. We recall, moreover, that in the Orphic hymns, gods were
often called “many-named†(poluwvnumo") (83).
Second, commentators rightly claim that the New Testament
doxology is not a Greco-Roman, but Israelite form, evident in the
archetype found in 1 Chr 29,11 LXX. Doxologies, however, are
“distinct from a benediction, or berakah, which is typically introduced
by the term ˚wrb or eujloghtov"†(84). But in the case of 1 Tim 1,17 and
6,15-16, while the form derives from Israelite/synagogue practice, the
bulk of their contents are distinctively Greco-Roman modes of god-
talk. Thus, the hands are the hands of Esau, but the voice is the voice
of Jacob.
Third, although doxologies normally contain some form of
“gloryâ€/dovxa, they need not. Eric Werner remarked that “not every
passage where there is an affirmation of God’s glory can be termed a
doxology†(85). Thus 2 Cor 1,20 is not a doxology, although it contains
dovxa and is in praise of God. Yet 1 Tim 6,16, which does not contain
dovxa, is a true doxology (86). We find timhv instead of dovxa, which
terms we argued earlier are virtual synonyms. Doxologies may ascribe
to God glory and honor, as well as “eternal dominion†(1 Tim 6,16),
“majesty, dominion and authority†(Jude 25), and “glory, honor, power
and greatness and eternal dominion†(1 Clem 65.2), all of which
express various aspects of honor. Thus praise, honor and glory are
given to God, which helps us situate doxologies under the umbrella of
epideictic rhetoric, the rhetoric of praise.
Fourth, several other avenues for observing the principle of
uniqueness are opened by this investigation. Other names of God might
be traced, names with some form of “allâ€/pant-, such as “all-creating
(pantoktivsth") God†(Diog. 7.1), “all-seeing (panepovpth") God†(1
Clem 64.1), and “Father of all†(paggenevtwr) (Orphic Hymns 4.1) (87).
(83) An inscription concerning Klarian Apollo reads: “self-existent, untaught,
without a mother, undisturbed, of many names (poluwvnumo") although not
spreading abroad his name, dwelling in fire ...â€, G.H.R. HORSLEY, NDIEC 2
(1982) 39.
(84) AUNE, Revelation, I, 43.
(85) WERNER, “Doxology in Synagogue and Churchâ€, 277.
(86) WERNER, “Doxology in Synagogue and Churchâ€, 277; see also AUNE,
Revelation, I, 43-44.
(87) For example in the Orphic Hymns: “Divine Earth … you nourish all
(pantrofh), you give all (pandwvteira) ... you destroy all (pantolevteira)†(26.1-
v
2); and “highest of all (panupevrtate), all eating (pamfavge), all taming
(pandamatwr), and all consuming (pantodivaite)†(66.5).
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