101 A Grammatical Analysis of John 1,1 gen., dat., and acc. According to LSJ 32 πρός with the acc. occurs in Gr. literature with the following main senses: I. of Place: 1. towards, to; 2. with verbs of prior motion: upon, against; 3. with verbs of seeing: towards; 4. in hostile sense: against; 5. without hostile sense: to, toward; 6. of reciprocal actions: with, towards, for, at the hands of, 7. of legal actions: towards, before, with; II. of Time: 1. towards, near, at, about; III. of Relation: 1. in reference, in respect of, touching, relatively to; 2. in reference to, in consequence of; 3. in reference to or for a purpose, with a view to; 4. in proportion to, in relation to, in comparison with; 5. in or by reference to, according to, in view of; 6. with the accompaniment of (mus. instr.); 7. often Periphrastic; 8. of Numbers: up to, about. When objects are involved, it usually “expresses motion or direction towards an object”, both with hostile or without hostile intention, as LSJ 33 formulates it34. The preposition is often used with different words of movement, in which case it indicates movement to or towards35. When it is used with verbs of looking or seeing, it indicates the idea of looking “towards”. It is also used in cases where reciprocity or close relations are implied in which case it can usually be translated as “with”. LSJ36 also points out that there are cases where the relation between two objects * Saying something to somebody: 2,3; 3,4; 4,15,33,48,49; 6,28,34,(52); 7,3,35,50; 31,33,57; (10,35); 11,21; 12,19; 16,17; 19,24; * Location: Fell/knelt at his feet 11,32; Peter stood by the door 18,16; Mary stood by the tomb 20,11; One at the head and the other at the feet 20,12 * Expressions: The two cases in the Prologue: He was with God 1,1,2; The lands are white for harvest: 4,35; For a time 5,35; Accuse to the Father 5,45; This sickness is not unto death 11,4; Why 13,28; What is it with you? 21,22,23. H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, H.S. Jones, & R. McKenzie, A Greek-English Lexicon, with a 32 Revised Supplement, Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press 1996 = LSJ. LSJ, (see n. 33), 1497. 33 Barrett, John, (see n. 16), 155 points out that “πρός with the accusative can hardly 34 mean ‘in the presence of’ in classical Greek, but this meaning is unquestionable in New Testament Greek, and the Hellenistic usage makes it unnecessary to see here the influence in translation of the Aramaic ”. Louw & Nida, Lexicon, (see n. 8), 791 describes this use under association and then 35 describes it as follows: “a marker of association, often with the implication of interrela- tionships—‘with, before.’” BDAG, (see n. 8), 874 describes the use of πρός (+ acc.) generi- cally as a “marker of movement or orientation toward someone/someth.” and specifically (mentioning John 1,1) as “by, at, near πρός τινα εἶναι be (in company) with someone”. Porter, Idioms, (see n. 8), 172 says that πρός is often connected with movement. See also E. van N. Groetchius, The language of the New Testament (New York: Charles Schribner 1965), 158; W.E. Vine, New Testament Greek Grammar: A Course of Self-help for the Layman (London: Oliphants 1965), 203; Greenlee, Grammar, (see n. 14), 21-24; 39; Dana & Mantey, Grammar, (see n. 15), 110. Caragounis cautions that lexicons such as BDAG (see n. 8) and Louw & Nida (see n. 8) offer limited evidence (from the NT, the LXX, and early christianity). For proper comparison one should go beyond the bounds of the NT and LXX. LSJ, (see n. 33), 1497. 36