Heath Dewrell, «How Tamar's Veil Became Joseph's Coat», Vol. 97 (2016) 161-174
The phrase 'ysp(h) tntk' appears in two biblical narratives: the Joseph story (Genesis 37) and the Tamar and Amnon story (2 Samuel 13). While the phrase is usually translated 'coat of many colours' or 'long-sleeved garment', this examination argues that the original significance of the term is to be found in its context in 2 Samuel 13, where it is said to be a garment worn by virgin princesses, an argument supported by comparative material from the Middle Assyrian Laws. The garment's appearance in the Joseph narrative is likely secondary, ultimately deriving from the Tamar and Amnon story.
162 HEATH DEWRELL
A dissenter to this general consensus is M. Görg who suggests that
that the term should be connected to Egyptian pśy and means “col-
ored” (“gefärbte”) 5. The linguistic connection is ultimately uncon-
vincing though, since in Egyptian pśy actually means “to cook” 6. The
verb only refers to dyeing when it is used in the immediate context of
linens, and even in those cases such a meaning is uncertain. The first
of two examples Görg offers to support the idea that pśy indicates
“colored” is the phrase pś.t nw, which appears in WÄS 1 552 as “Fäden
kochen (ob: sie durch kochen färben?)”. Görg summarizes the entry,
however, as “Fäden kochen’ d.h. ‘färben’”, removing the question
mark and the uncertainty expressed by WÄS. The second example is
pś ỉnsj which appears in WÄS 1, 552 as “Färber(?) des roten Leinen-
stoffes”. Again, however, the question mark is conveniently omitted
in Görg’s citation of the entry. While pśy may possibly appear in the
context of dyed garments, the term alone would have hardly been
enough to indicate dyeing. The Egyptian verb simply means “to
cook”, and the idea that this would have made its way into Hebrew as
a loanword meaning “dyed”/“colored” is unlikely.
A.J. Bledstein, on the other hand, suggests that it is a “sacred flounced
garment”. She argues that when Jacob gave Joseph a ~ysp(h) tntk
in Genesis 37, he “may have intended to confer on him priesthood
with the potential for sacred kingship”, and she believes that Joseph’s
ability to interpret dreams may be connected in some way to this
status. Likewise, in Bledstein’s opinion, Tamar wore a flounced
garment because, being a “princess-priestess”, she would have been
called upon to visit her half-brother Amnon, who was (allegedly) ill,
for the purpose of performing a purification rite that might bring about
his healing. In support of this interpretation, Bledstein points to sever-
al Mesopotamian depictions of individuals wearing flounced garments
that indicate their priestly status 7. The actual evidence in the biblical
narratives themselves, however, that either Joseph’s or Tamar’s garments
were cultic in nature is rather thin.
Thus, despite these two creative divergences from the scholarly consensus,
most scholarly treatments and modern translations continue to opt for
something akin to “long-sleeved coat”. This scholarly consensus, however,
is based less on the convincing nature of the argument than on the fact
5 M. GöRG, “Der gefärbte Rock Josefs”, BN 102 (2000) 9-13.
6 See WÄS 1 551-552 and HANNIG, Ägyptisches Wörterbuch I 475; II 940-941.
7 A.J. BLEDSTEIN, “Tamar and the ‘Coat of Many Colors’”, Samuel and Kings (ed.
A. BRENNER) (A Feminist Companion to the Bible, 2nd series; Sheffield 2000) 65-83.