Andreas Hock, «From Babel to the New Jerusalem (Gen 11,1-9 and Rev 21,1–22,5)», Vol. 89 (2008) 109-118
There are some salient points of contact between the narrative of Babel, Gen 11:1-9, and the vision of the New Jerusalem, Rev 21:1–22:5. These parallels are starkly contrastive. Among the most stunning parallels are the way man’s initiative is
underscored in Gen, while God’s initiative is emphasized in Rev. Human accomplishment appears to be at the heart of the narrative in Genesis, whereas God’s accomplishment is presented in Rev. Moreover, worldly reputation is set in
opposition to heavenly fame, as well as a worldwide dispersion in Gen as it is being contrasted with a worldwide unification in Rev. The essay’s conclusion is that the protological text is brought to fulfillment in the eschatological one in an inverse archetypal sense.
110 Andreas Hock
“comes down out of heaven†towards the earth, Rev 21,2, against the
backdrop of a recreated heaven and earth.
The third initial contact between the two texts is the locale. Those pre-
abrahamic tribes, as they journeyed from the east, Gen 11,2, came upon a
plain in the land of Shinar, Gen 10,10 (i.e., Babylonia; cf. Rev 17). They had
not gone far from Paradise, still on their journeys in the east, as repopulating
took place after the ravages of the deluge. Their decision to settle contravenes
the divine intent to settle people in various lands. Contrary to the plain, the
visionary of Patmos observes the descent of the New Jerusalem from the
vantage point of a high mountain, Rev 21,10, recalling Exod 19,11 and Ezek
40,2: a traditional site of theophanies in the Old Testament (4) (unlike the
ejrhmo", “desertâ€, in Rev 17,3). This mountain is a symbol that allows for no
topographical precision.
What we notice at this introductory stage is that the textual contacts
between Genesis and the Apocalypse are related, yes, but in an order of
dissimilarity and/or inversion. Having said that, let us now systematically
compare some of the salient components of both narratives.
1. From Deu'te (Gen 11,3.4) to Deu'ro (Rev 21,9)
In Gen 11,3 the settlers call upon one another with the imperative “Come
(hb;h;, deu'te), let us make bricks!â€, and in 11,4 “Come, let us build ourselves a
city, and a tower with its top in the heavens! And let us make a name for
ourselves!†This triple incitement points to the people’s resolve to take the
initiative in their egocentric quest. They state their purpose: the sacred writer
focuses on their motivations, not on what they build. Instead of asking for divine
guidance and approval they imagine that they can decide on their own what is
best for them. They prefer to be independent of their Maker. The human plan and
divine intent are effectively set in opposition by “Come, let us make bricksâ€, and
“Come (deu'te), let us go down and there confuse their languageâ€, 11,7.
Contrary to this anthropocentric scheme is the picture of one of the seven
angels bearing vials and approaching the seer on Patmos, Rev 21,9-10, and
gently bidding him: “Come (deu'ro), I will show you the Bride, the Wife of the
Lamb!†This imperative comes through the angel from God, as it were. The
enterprise here is divine, while the project has a theanthropic scope, i.e.,
divine and human: the Holy City.
Looking back over the above, one notices a sharp contraposition between
the human aspiration of the campaign of the people of Babel on the one hand,
and the transcendent undertaking regarding the New Jerusalem on the other.
True and lasting communion of humankind with God can only be God’s
initiative, and not ours.
2. From oijkodomhvswmen eJautoi'" (Gen 11,4) to skhnh; tou' qeou (Rev 21,3)
We now turn to the expression in Gen 11,4, “Let us build for ourselvesâ€:
The Septuagint well translates the Hebrew original WnL;Ahn