Hellen Mardaga 70 knows that what he proclaims is true. In this case the evangelist or wit- ness speaks about himself in the third person: “He [the evangelist or eyewitness] who saw it has borne witness and his testimony is true, and he [the evangelist or eyewitness] knows that he [the evangelist or eyewit- ness] tells the truth…”. (ii) A few authors defend that the eyewitness in Jn 19,35 is not referred to by ἐκεῖνος8. The ἑωρακώς informs the evangelist or redactor about what he has seen. The verse is therefore understood as follows: “He [the evangelist or redactor] knows that he [the eyewitness] tells the truth”. (3) ἐκεῖνος is the soldier from Jn 19,34. P.S. Minear mainly defends this theory, and suggests ἑωρακώς and ἐκεῖνος are pointing to the same person9. This person is however not the evangelist or eyewitness but the soldier who pierces Jesus’ side in Jn 19,34. He has seen blood and water flowing from Jesus’ side and bears witness to it in Jn 19,35. The quotation from Zechariah in Jn 19,37 confirms this assumption (Ὄψονται εἰς ὃν ἐξεκέντησαν: “They shall look on whom they have pierced”), because the reference to Zechariah can only be meaningful if the soldier is the key figure in Jn 19,35. The demonstrative pronoun ἐκεῖνος in Jn 19,35 is sub- sequently indicating the soldier-witness. P.S. Minear however points at a second problem, namely the reason why is said about the eyewitness that “he knows he tells the truth”10. The testimony of the eyewitness indicates he understands what happens; he knows that what he tells is true because his attestation to the flow of blood and water makes him the one who knows11. P.S. Minear’s interpretation of ἐκεῖνος in Jn 19,35 is therefore explicitly theological. abgelegt –sein Zeugnis ist zuverlässig–, er weiss, dass er die Wahrheit sagt.”; E. Haenchen, U. Busse & J.M. Robinson, Das Johannesevangelium. Ein Kommentar aus den nachgelas- senen Manuskripten. Herausgegeben von U. Busse mit einem Vorwort von J.M. Robinson (Tübingen 1980) 257 : “35 führt dafür als Zeugnis einen ungennanten Augenzeugen an, der als ein wahrhaftiger Zeuge bekannt ist und mit vollem Bewusstsein über die Tragweite des Gesagten gesprochen hat. Es wird sich hier um eine Berufung auf den Jünger handeln, den Jesus liebte.”; A. Plummer, The Gospel According to St. John (CBSC; Cambridge 1882; repr. Grand Rapids, MI 1981) 334: “The use of the perfect participle rather than the aorist is evidence that the writer himself is the person who saw”; D.A. Carson, The Gospel ac- cording to John (Leicester-Grand Rapids, MI 1991) 626: “By the pronoun ekeinos (NIV ‘he’) the eyewitness refers to himself.”; M. Menken, They Shall Look on Him Whom They Have Pierced” (John 19,37)’, in M. Menken, Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel. Studies in Textual Form (Kampen 1996) 184-85. D.A. Carson, Gospel according to John, 625-26: “The pronoun ἐκεῖνος refers to the 8 Evangelist, but the eyewitness is someone else”. P.S. Minear, Diversity and Unity: A Johannine Case-Study, in U. Luz & H. Weder 9 (eds.), Die Mitte des Neuen Testaments, FS E. Schweizer (Göttingen 1983) 162-75. P.S. Minear, Diversity and Unity, 162-63. 10 P.S. Minear, Diversity and Unity, 170-71. 11