Hellen Mardaga, «The Use and Meaning of e)kei=noj in Jn 19,35.», Vol. 20 (2007) 67-80
The demonstrative pronoun e)kei=noj occurs in the parenthesis of Jn 19,35, a verse which is important in discussions concerning the authorship of the fourth gospel. In general e)kei=noj is considered characteristic of John’s style, but there is no consensus among exegetes with regard to meaning of e)kei=noj in 19,35. Up to four different interpretations have been proposed for the pronoun in the present context. The author proposes a fifth possibility: e)kei=noj in Jn 19,35 resumes au)tou= in the preceding construction au)tou= e)stin h( marturi/a. The beloved disciple is ‘the one who sees’ and who subsequently bears witness to what he has seen.
The Use and Meaning of á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος 69
is therefore translated as follows: “He who saw it has borne witness and
his testimony is true and God/Christ knows that he tells the truth…â€. In
support of this explanation authors refer to other verses in John such as
1,33; 5,19.37; 6,29; 8,42 in which á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος points to the Father, or to 1 John
3,3.5 where á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος indicates “Christâ€6.
(2) á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος indicates the eyewitness (ὠἑωÏακώς), being the author
(the evangelist or redactor).
(i) A majority of exegetes thinks the evangelist is the eyewitness (á½
ἑωÏακώς - á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος; cfr. 21,24)7. He stood near the cross and therefore
means Christ in solemn appeal to heaven, seems very probableâ€; T. Zahn, Das Evangelium
des Johannes ausgelegt (KNT 4; Leipzig 1-21908) 670: “Es kann also nur der gekreuzigte
und jetzt zu Gott erhöhte Jesus gemeint sein, die von c. 18,1 an so oft mit Namen, aber
auch manchmal nur durch Pronomen (18,24; 19,12.16) bezeichnete Hauptperson der ganzen
Geschichteâ€; G.H.C. MacGregor, The Gospel of John (MNTC; London 1928) 350-352: “In
this case the word ekeinos, unless, as is natural enough, may conceivably refer to Christ, as
several times in the First Epistle (1 Jn 3,3.5). The phrase would then be ‘just a formula of
strong asseveration like “God Knows!â€; R.H. Strachan, The Fourth Gospel. Its Significance
and Environment (London 31941) 322: “The first ‘he’ refers to the Beloved Disciple, the
second represents an emphatic demonstrative pronoun, and should be taken as referring
to Christ himselfâ€; R. Bultmann, Evangelium des Johannes, 526: “Wer ist der á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος? Der
Augenzeuge selbst kann es ja nicht sein, sondern nur ein Anderer, der in der Lage ist, für
die Wahreit des Zeugnisses zu bürgen. Dann aber kann doch nur Jesus selbst gemeint seinâ€;
E.C. Hoskyns & F.N. Davis (Ed.), The Fourth Gospel (London 21947) 535: “It seems almost
necessary to regard this phrase as the attestation of the witness of the Beloved Disciple by
the Lord Himselfâ€; M.C. De Boer, Johannine Perspectives on the Death of Jesus (Contribu-
tions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology 17; Kampen 1996) 302: “We saw above that there
are other ways of reading á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος in John 19,35c, but John 19,34b’s points of contact with
the vocabulary and the agenda of 1 John lend to support to the view that in John 19,35b
á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος is probably Jesus (who is of course mentioned by name in 19,33 anyway).
M.J. Lagrange, Évangile selon St. Jean) 500: “Il ne faut que lire I Jo II,6; III, 3.5.7.16,
6
IV, 17 pour reconnaître qu’ici á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος s’entend de Jésus (Zahn, Till. Bauer); R. Bultmann,
Evangelium des Johannes, 526 note 4: “Dafür, dass durch das blosse á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος Jesus bezeich-
net sei, kann man sich schwerlich auf 3,28.30; 7,11; 9,12.28; 19,21 berufen, wohl aber auf
I Joh 2,6; 3,3.5.7.16; 4,17 vgl. auch II Tim 2,13â€.
P. Schanz, Commentar über des Evangelium des heiligen Johannes (Tübingen 1885)
7
563: “Die beste Bezeugung ist der Augenschein. Diesen stellt Johannes mit ἑωÏακώς voran
und verbindet damit die Versicherung seiner eigenen Wahrhaftigkeit, welche in seinem
ganzen religiösen Bewustsein ihren tiefsten Grund hat. Er spricht von sich in der dritten
Person […].â€; J.A. Sanders & B.A. Mastin, A Commentary on the Gospel According to
St. John (BNTC; London 1968) 412. The hypothesis is mentioned in passing: “The crux
here is the identity of the he (á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος) who knows that he speaks the truth. It may be the
eye-witness just mentioned, resuming his in the previous clause, and this seems the best
explanationâ€; R.E. Brown, The Gospel according to John (AB, 29A; New York 1970) 937:
“Probably the best explanation is that, despite objections, ekeinos refers to the eyewitness.â€;
R. Schnackenburg, Das Johannesevangelium (HTKNT, 4/3; Freiburg-Basel-Wien 1975) 340:
“Alle diese Auffassungen wurden vertreten; aber am einfachsten ist der Rückbezug auf den
ἑωÏακώς Ein solcher Gebrauch von á¼ÎºÎµá¿–νος ist auch sonst nachgewiesen. So verstanden,
legt die Stelle auf das Zeugnis dessen, ‘der gesehen hat’, unerhörtes Gewicht: er hat Zeugnis