72 Hellen Mardaga pronoun in a very nuanced way, which leads in some cases to an overly detailed and diversified division in categories16. Dictionaries of the New Testament on the contrary all describe the use of ἐκεῖνος in the same way. The use of the pronoun is divided in two columns: the absolute or substantival use and the adjectival use. Gener- ally the following categories are distinguished: (1) The absolute use of ἐκεῖνος17: i) ἐκεῖνος in an opposition referring to the most remote person or object; ii) ἐκεῖνος pointing to a proximate person or object; iii) ἐκεῖνος indicating a well known person or object; iv) ἐκεῖνος denoting a following or preceding relative or ὅτι-phrase; v) ἐκεῖνος used in oratio obliqua18. (2) Adjectival use of ἐκεῖνος: i) the use of ἐκεῖνος as an adjective in oppositions; ii) ἐκεῖνος to distinguish the mentioned person or object from other persons or objects. Dictionaries of the New Testament and grammars point at specific nuances in the demonstrative meaning of ἐκεῖνος19; especially in four (i) The grammar of F. Blass and A. Debrunner (see note 14) for example divides the 16 use of ἐκεῖνος into six categories (170-71): “1. Die Abwesenden als solche; 2. In Verbindung mit οὗτος und im Gegensatz zu diesem wird es im NT fast nie gebraucht; 3. Besonders bezeichnet es in der Erzählung, auch der fingierten, der Erwähnte und was mit diesem zusammenhängt; 4. Im Nachzatz; 5. Nicht oft mit folgendem Bezugswort; 6. Abgeschwacht zu ‘er’” while A.T. Robertson (see note 14) brings the total up to ten (707): “(g) ἐκεῖνος: 1. The Purely Deictic; 2. The Contemptuous use (cf. οὗτος); 3. The Anaphoric; 4. The Remote Object (Contrast); 5. Emphasis; 6. With Apposition; 7. Article with Nouns except when Predicate; 8. As Antecedent to Relative; 9. Gender and Number; 10. Independent Use”. (ii) The same verses are quoted several times, but the function of ἐκεῖνος therein is de- scribed differently. A.T. Robertson (707-08) sees the use of ἐκεῖνος in 1,18 as emphatic and anaphoric and adds to it that the pronoun resumes a participle. F.W. Grosheide (Beknopte Grammatica op het Grieksche Nieuwe Testament [Kampen 1912]) on the contrary believes that ἐκεῖνος from 1,18 refers to an absent person or object and is used in an opposition in an apodosis (124). J.F. Schleusner, Novum lexicon Graeco-Latinum in Novum Testamentum, 2 vol. 17 (41819) 747-48 does not make any distinction between the absolute and the adjectival use of the pronoun. He only gives three short indications: “1) is, ille, iste. Pronomen demonstrati- vum… 2) ‘talis’, i.q. τοιοῦτος…3) interdum omittitur”. C.G. Bretschneider, Lexicon manuale Graeco-Latinum in libros Novi Testamenti, 31840) 375-376 does make a distinction between the absolute and the adjectival use. The absolute use is divided as follows: “(a) ad remotius, et est: ille, illa, illud; (b) ad proximum: ille is, hic, hic ipse; (c) refertur as id, quod sequitur, ut accuratius describatur”. E. Robinson, A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (London 1837) 250, does not make a distinction between substantival and adjectival use, but between “in antithesis, referring to the more remote subject” and “without antithesis, referring to the person or thing immediately preceding or just mentioned”. In his 4th, 5th and 6th edition W. Bauer (Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schrif- 18 ten des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur [Berlin 1949-1988]) adds a fifth column to his description of ἐκεῖνος: “e. In Oratio obliqua bez. Der Redende mit ἐκ sich selber (Isaeus 8,22; Polyb. 3,44, 10. 12, 16, 5)”. I. The strong meaning of ἐκεῖνος: 1. The general deictic function: 7,11; 9,12.28; 13,26; 19 19,21.35; 2. Referring to the remote one: a) in an opposition: 1,8; 2,20-21; 3,28.30; 5,35.47;